From: Pain perception of older adults in nursing home and home care settings: evidence from China
 | Zero-inflated ordered probit regression (unmatched) | Propensity score adjusted regression (matched) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Coef. | Std. Err. | P > z | Coef. | Std. Err. | P > z |
Nursing home | 0.088 | 0.196 | 0.655 | 0.489 | 0.169 | 0.004 |
Age | 0.002 | 0.012 | 0.833 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.992 |
Male | −0.403 | 0.165 | 0.015 | −0.538 | 0.138 | 0.000 |
Marital status | ||||||
 (ref. not married) | ||||||
  Married with spouse present | −0.826 | 0.418 | 0.048 | 0.227 | 0.286 | 0.428 |
  Widowed | −0.634 | 0.433 | 0.143 | 0.038 | 0.275 | 0.891 |
Education attainment | Â | |||||
 (ref. no education) | ||||||
  Primary school | −0.489 | 0.235 | 0.038 | 0.001 | 0.176 | 0.997 |
  Secondary school | −0.186 | 0.218 | 0.393 | −0.110 | 0.173 | 0.524 |
  High school and above | −0.569 | 0.302 | 0.060 | −0.393 | 0.264 | 0.137 |
Primary caregiver | ||||||
 (ref. None) | ||||||
  Spouse | 0.836 | 0.308 | 0.007 | 0.086 | 0.207 | 0.677 |
  Children | 0.831 | 0.305 | 0.006 | 0.119 | 0.215 | 0.580 |
Have insurance | −0.105 | 0.321 | 0.744 | −0.181 | 0.234 | 0.438 |
Monthly income | ||||||
 (ref. less than 4000 RMB) | ||||||
  4000+ RMB | −0.310 | 0.186 | 0.096 | −0.087 | 0.145 | 0.549 |
No. of behavioral problems | −0.941 | 0.467 | 0.044 | −0.314 | 0.369 | 0.394 |
Depression score | 0.066 | 0.024 | 0.007 | 0.042 | 0.020 | 0.035 |
Mobility | ||||||
 (ref. independent) | ||||||
  Walks with assistance | −0.185 | 0.184 | 0.316 | 0.073 | 0.153 | 0.631 |
  Wheelchair-dependent | 0.782 | 0.315 | 0.013 | −0.067 | 0.240 | 0.779 |
  Bedbound | – | – |  | – | – |  |
Toileting | ||||||
 (ref. Independent) | ||||||
  Some supervision | 0.334 | 0.356 | 0.348 | 0.140 | 0.303 | 0.644 |
  Complete supervision | 1.201 | 0.656 | 0.067 | 0.568 | 1.118 | 0.611 |
  Some assistance | 0.674 | 0.585 | 0.249 | 0.150 | 0.419 | 0.720 |
  Complete assistance | 0.321 | 0.504 | 0.524 | 0.197 | 0.424 | 0.642 |
  Most assistance | 1.251 | 0.634 | 0.049 | 0.353 | 0.736 | 0.631 |
  Dependent | 0.195 | 0.370 | 0.598 | 0.207 | 0.290 | 0.475 |
Have dementia | 0.034 | 0.265 | 0.897 | 0.023 | 0.217 | 0.917 |
No. of chronic disease | 1.231 | 0.579 | 0.033 | 2.438 | 0.520 | 0.000 |
Have at least one ulcer | 1.791 | 0.808 | 0.027 | 0.864 | 0.471 | 0.067 |
Had inpatient service in last 90Â days | 0.288 | 0.220 | 0.190 | 0.098 | 0.180 | 0.586 |
Constant | −0.088 | 0.928 | 0.924 | −0.713 | 0.807 | 0.377 |
cut1 | −0.864 | 1.881 |  | −2.008 | 9.759 |  |
cut2 | 3.240 | 1.760 | Â | 2.589 | 1.234 | Â |
AIC | 1246.717 | Â | Â | 941.125 | Â | Â |
BIC | 1471.536 | Â | Â | 1165.944 | Â | Â |
N | 484 | Â | Â | 484 | Â | Â |