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Table 1 Descriptive Characteristics of LTC Study Participants in Yichang China, According to Residence, Before and After Propensity-Score Matching

From: Pain perception of older adults in nursing home and home care settings: evidence from China

  

Unmatched

Matched

Total

Home

Nursing Home

 

Home

Nursing Home

 

Mean(%)

SD

Mean(%)

SD

Mean(%)

SD

p value

Mean(%)

SD

Mean(%)

SD

p value

Pain

 0. No pain

55.03%

 

62.64%

 

49.00%

  

54.60%

 

48.56%

  

 1. Mild/moderate pain

23.86%

 

17.65%

 

28.86%

  

31.50%

 

29.92%

  

 2. Daily horrible/excruciating pain

21.10%

 

19.81%

 

22.14%

  

13.91%

 

21.52%

  

Residence

 Home

45.44%

           

 Nursing home

55.56%

           

Age

77.80

7.76

77.32

7.11

78.20

8.03

0.014

79.55

7.15

78.20

8.03

0.129

Gender

 Female

61.11%

 

72.70%

 

60.60%

 

<.0001

62.00%

 

60.60%

 

0.712

 Male

38.89%

 

27.30%

 

39.40%

  

38.00%

 

39.40%

  

Marital status

 Not married

5.56%

 

2.80%

 

7.61%

 

<.0001

10.24%

 

7.61%

 

0.204

 Married with spouse present

34.72%

 

53.58%

 

19.42%

  

15.75%

 

19.42%

  

 Widowed

59.72%

 

43.61%

 

72.97%

  

74.02%

 

72.97%

  

Education

 No education

26.94%

 

24.61%

 

29.40%

 

0.014

35.70%

 

29.40%

 

0.156

 Primary

30.97%

 

37.07%

 

24.93%

  

30.71%

 

24.93%

  

 Secondary

34.86%

 

28.87%

 

38.06%

  

31.15%

 

38.06%

  

 High school and above

7.22%

 

4.72%

 

7.61%

  

7.17%

 

7.61%

  

Primary caregiver

 None

10.40%

 

8.72%

 

12.07%

 

<.0001

11.82%

 

12.07%

 

0.15

 Spouse

53.12%

 

46.42%

 

58.79%

  

57.88%

 

58.79%

  

 Children

36.48%

 

44.86%

 

29.13%

  

30.30%

 

29.13%

  

Have insurance

93.47%

 

97.51%

 

89.76%

 

<.0001

88.22%

 

89.76%

 

0.822

Income more than 4000 RMB

59.95%

 

44.58%

 

71.20%

 

< 0.001

54.26%

 

70.34%

 

0.31

Mean of behavior problems (range:0–2)

0.04

0.16

0.02

0.12

0.04

0.17

<.0001

0.04

0.15

0.04

0.17

0.745

Depression score (range:0–20)

1.97

3.29

1.08

4.65

2.55

3.59

0.004

2.38

2.41

2.55

3.59

0.601

Mobility

 Independent

66.11%

 

78.51%

 

58.79%

 

<.0001

58.81%

 

58.79%

 

0.81

 Walks with assistance

22.92%

 

17.45%

 

28.87%

  

28.08%

 

28.87%

  

 Wheelchair-dependent

8.33%

 

4.05%

 

12.34%

  

13.12%

 

12.34%

  

 Bedbound

2.64%

           

Toileting

 Independent

79.17%

 

80.06%

 

78.25%

 

0.002

79.06%

 

78.25%

 

0.481

 Some supervision

5.14%

 

5.92%

 

4.46%

  

4.20%

 

4.46%

  

 complete supervision

0.83%

 

2.25%

 

2.53%

  

2.46%

 

2.53%

  

 some assistance

2.92%

 

2.80%

 

3.15%

  

3.20%

 

3.15%

  

 complete assistance

3.19%

 

3.43%

 

3.63%

  

2.73%

 

3.63%

  

 Most assistance

0.83%

 

0.62%

 

0.79%

  

0.62%

 

0.79%

  

 Dependent

7.92%

 

1.89%

 

6.30%

  

6.22%

 

6.30%

  

Dementia diagnose

10.99%

 

9.29%

 

12.24%

 

<.0001

9.69%

 

10.15%

 

0.942

No. of chronic disease (range:0–20)

0.22

0.16

0.26

 

0.19

  

0.20

 

0.19

 

0.673

Have at least one ulcer

2.50%

 

1.05%

 

2.63%

 

0.016

2.28%

 

2.63%

 

0.704

Have inpatient in the last 90 days

16.11%

 

22.57%

 

13.65%

 

0.013

15.32%

 

13.65%

 

0.403

Observations

720

 

320

 

400

  

242

 

242

  
  1. SD standard deviation
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