| Females (n = 9322) | Males (n = 3011) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
New non-selective ER user vs. new non-selective IR user | New selective user vs. New non-selective IR user | New non-selective ER user vs. new non-selective IR user | New selective user vs. New non-selective IR user | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Race | ||||
 White | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
 Black | – | – | 1.771 (1.319–2.379)a | 1.085 (0.708–1.664) |
 Other Race | – | – | 1.092 (0.685–1.742) | 1.930 (1.086–3.430)a |
Nursing Home Region | ||||
 Midwest | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 Northeast | 0.687 (0.603–0.782)a | 0.607 (0.503–0.734)a | 0.419 (0.329–0.534)a | 0.422 (0.295–0.605)a |
 South | 0.709 (0.629–0.799)a | 1.074 (0.917–1.257) | 0.528 (0.420–0.664)a | 1.094 (0.823–1.453) |
 West | 0.849 (0.689–1.047) | 0.686 (0.501–0.940)a | 0.886 (0.628–1.250) | 0.550 (0.328–0.923)a |
Body Mass Index | ||||
 Underweight | 0.769 (0.643–0.919)a | 0.700 (0.537–0.913)a | 0.846 (0.583–1.227) | 0.498 (0.262–0.949)a |
 Normal | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 Overweight | 1.122 (0.992–1.269) | 1.151 (0.974–1.359) | 0.982 (0.791–1.218) | 1.413 (1.065–1.876)a |
 Obese | 1.402 (1.229–1.598)a | 1.284 (1.073–1.537)a | 1.398 (1.085–1.801)a | 1.739 (1.251–2.418)a |
Cognitive Performance Score | ||||
 Intact | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 Borderline intact/Mild Impairment | 1.005 (0.878–1.150) | 1.024 (0.854–1.228) | 0.968 (0.747–1.255) | 1.103 (0.782–1.558) |
 Moderate impairment | 0.991 (0.853–1.150) | 0.884 (0.722–1.084) | 1.018 (0.772–1.342) | 1.073 (0.740–1.556) |
 Moderate-severe/Severe/Very Severe impairment | 0.523 (0.424–0.645)a | 0.424 (0.310–0.579)a | 0.519 (0.361–0.747)a | 0.715 (0.432–1.185) |
CHESS | ||||
 Score of 0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 Score of 1 or 2 | 0.959 (0.855–1.077) | 0.916 (0.783–1.071) | 0.882 (0.716–1.086) | 0.709 (0.539–0.932)a |
 Score of 3 | 0.793 (0.653–0.963)a | 0.906 (0.693–1.185) | 0.517 (0.354–0.754)a | 0.683 (0.422–1.106) |
 Score of 4 or 5 | 0.666(0.468–0.948)a | 0.673 (0.396–1.144) | 0.657 (0.318–1.356) | 1.639 (0.727–3.695) |
Activities of Daily Living | 0.989 (0.979–0.998)a | 0.975 (0.963–0.988)a | 0.983 (0.964–1.002) | 0.969 (0.945–0.994)a |
Elixhauser/Other Comorbidities | ||||
 Aphasia | 0.564 (0.404–0.787)a | 0.523 (0.313–0.903)a | – | – |
 Congestive Heart Failure | 0.816 (0.720–0.925)a | 0.804 (0.674–0.959)a | – | – |
 Hypertension, Uncomplicated | 1.348 (1.213–1.497)a | 1.105 (0.957–1.276) | – | – |
 Weight Loss | 0.765 (0.622–0.942)a | 0.767 (0.565–1.042) | – | – |
 Blood Loss Anemia | 0.982 (0.709–1.361) | 0.585 (0.348–0.982)a | – | – |
 Hemiplegia/Hemiparesis | – | – | 1.581 (1.152–2.168)a | 1.618 (1.075–2.435)a |
 Diabetes, Complicated | – | – | 0.889 (0.615–1.284) | 0.405 (0.215–0.766)a |
Bladder Continence | ||||
 Continent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 Usually Continent | 1.144 (0.963–1.359) | 0.999 (0.789–1.265) | 1.543 (1.108–2.149)a | 0.994 (0.640–1.543) |
 Occasionally Incontinent | 1.570 (1.311–1.881)a | 1.359 (1.063–1.737)a | 1.601 (1.153–2.224)a | 1.510 (0.994–2.294) |
 Frequently Incontinent | 1.406 (1.182–1.672)a | 1.389 (1.097–1.760)a | 2.011 (1.484–2.726)a | 1.264 (0.846–1.888) |
 Incontinent | 1.048 (0.835–1.315) | 1.100 (0.791–1.531) | 1.282 (0.902–1.822) | 1.055 (0.652–1.708) |
Indwelling Catheter | 1.028 (0.864–1.222) | 0.774 (0.600–0.998)a | – | – |
No Bladder Continence Appliance or Program | 1.158 (1.002–1.339)a | 0.917 (0.753–1.117) | – | – |
Pads/Briefs Used | – | – | 0.769 (0.602–0.982)a | 1.271 (0.917–1.763) |
Bowel Continence | ||||
 Continent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
 Usually Continent | 0.750 (0.626–0.899)a | 0.940 (0.742–1.191) | 0.754 (0.535–1.061) | 0.954 (0.622–1.463) |
 Occasionally Incontinent | 0.981 (0.786–1.224) | 0.812 (0.597–1.104) | 0.855 (0.581–1.258) | 0.783 (0.469–1.309) |
 Frequently Incontinent | 0.771 (0.633–0.938)a | 0.640 (0.483–0.848)a | 0.737 (0.525–1.036) | 0.596 (0.371–0.958)a |
 Incontinent | 0.656 (0.529–0.813)a | 0.564 (0.409–0.778)a | 0.742 (0.519–1.062) | 0.560 (0.340–0.920)a |
Bowel Elimination Pattern: Regular | 0.962 (0.854–1.084) | 0.846 (0.720–0.995)a | – | – |
Urinary Tract Infection in Last 30 Days | 1.123 (0.997–1.265) | 1.254 (1.067–1.474)a | – | – |
Gait | ||||
 Unsteady Gait | 1.156 (1.044–1.280)a | 1.074 (0.935–1.234) | – | – |
 Fell in Past 30 days | 1.153 (1.032–1.288)a | 1.053 (0.904–1.226) | 1.315 (1.077–1.607)a | 1.063 (0.812–1.390) |
 Hip Fracture in Last 180 Days | 1.297 (1.063–1.583)a | 1.084 (0.811–1.449) | – | – |
 Other Fracture in Last 180 Days | 1.230 (1.033–1.465)a | 1.339 (1.059–1.694)a | – | – |
Balance While Standing | ||||
 Maintained position as required in test | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
 Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | – | – | 0.572 (0.370–0.885)a | 0.806 (0.465–1.396) |
 Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | – | – | 0.766 (0.503–1.167) | 0.879 (0.513–1.506) |
 Not able to attempt test without physical help | – | – | 0.777 (0.500–1.208) | 0.896 (0.506–1.588) |
Balance While Sitting | ||||
 Maintained position as required in test | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
 Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | – | – | 0.968 (0.719–1.302) | 1.259 (0.871–1.819) |
 Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | – | – | 0.883 (0.662–1.178) | 0.702 (0.463–1.064) |
 Not able to attempt test without physical help | – | – | 0.650 (0.466–0.909)a | 0.580 (0.356–0.945)a |
Concomitant Medications | ||||
 Calcium Channel Blockers | 1.025 (0.917–1.145) | 1.195 (1.031–1.386)a | – | – |
 Cognitive Enhancers | 1.057 (0.939–1.191) | 1.280 (1.091–1.501)a | – | – |
 Antiparkinson | 0.891 (0.749–1.059) | 1.334 (1.066–1.668)a | 0.957 (0.727–1.259) | 1.462 (1.039–2.056)a |
 Antipsychotics | 0.500 (0.440–0.567)a | 0.875 (0.735–1.043) | 0.440 (0.349–0.556)a | 0.891 (0.657–1.207) |
 Antivertigo | 0.296 (0.256–0.342)a | 0.763 (0.624–0.932)a | 0.174 (0.127–0.237)a | 0.642 (0.430–0.960)a |
 Anxiolytic Sedative or Hypnotic Agent | 0.671 (0.580–0.775)a | 1.070 (0.879–1.302) | 0.723 (0.548–0.952)a | 0.911 (0.625–1.327) |
 Antidepressant | 0.585 (0.526–0.651)a | 1.326 (1.145–1.535)a | 0.617 (0.508–0.952)a | 1.313 (1.012–1.704)a |
 ARB | 1.066 (0.913–1.244) | 1.340 (1.103–1.629)a | – | – |
 Alpha Blockers | 0.763 (0.622–0.935)a | 0.893 (0.678–1.176) | 1.286 (1.067–1.549)a | 1.752 (1.372–2.237)a |
 Anticonvulsant | 0.733 (0.650–0.826)a | 0.941 (0.801–1.106) | 0.755 (0.607–0.940)a | 0.965 (0.726–1.283) |
 Vasodilators | 0.609 (0.526–0.705)a | 1.071 (0.879–1.306) | 0.508 (0.390–0.663)a | 0.912 (0.641–1.297) |
 Benzodiazepines | 1.968 (1.099–3.526)a | 2.232 (1.085–4.592)a | 3.592 (1.331–9.690)a | Omission (Not enough data) |
Anticholinergic Burden Score | 1.455 (1.418–1.493)a | 0.798 (0.767–0.830)a | 1.578 (1.501–1.659)a | 0.846 (0.786–0.911)a |