Table 1 Details and HGS protocols of the studies that diagnose sarcopenia, included in this systematic review
From: Differences in handgrip strength protocols to identify sarcopenia and frailty - a systematic review
Study details | Author | Sample | Size | Age | Dynamometer | Repetitions | Hand | Posture | Shoulder position | Elbow position | Wrist position | Handle position | Encouragement | Acquisition time | Rest time | HGS analysis | Cut-off values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-sectional study Toulouse and Lyon, France | Abellan van Kan et al. [52] | Community-dwelling older women from the EPIDOS cohort | 3025 | ≥75 | Martin vigorimeter, Medizin Tecnik, Tuttlingen, Germany | 3 | Dominant | Standing upright | Adducted | 180° | – | Adjusted to a comfortable position | – | – | – | Higher value | Lowest 25% |
Cross-sectional study Turkey | Akin et al. [53] | Community-dwelling older adults from KEHES Study | 879 | ≥60 | Takei TKK 5401 digital handgrip dynamometer, Takei, Niigata-City, Japan | 3 | Dominant | Standing upright | Adducted | 90° | – | – | – | – | – | Higher value | Fried’s criteria* |
Cross-sectional study S. Paulo, Brazil | Alexandre Tda et al. [54] | Older urban population from the SABE Study | 1149 | ≥60 | Takei Kiki Kogyo TK 1201, Tokyo, Japan | 2 | Dominant | Sitting position | – | Resting on the table (forearms too) | Palms facing up | Adjusted to a comfortable position | – | – | 1 min | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Milan, Italy | Barichella et al. [55] | Consecutive patients from a specialised tertiary care center | 364 | ≥65 | DynEx digital hand dynamometer, Akern/MD Systems, Florence, Italy | 3 | Dominant | Sitting position | Adducted and neutrally rotated | 90° Forearm neutral | Neutral | – | – | – | – | Mean value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study The Netherlands | Bastiaanse et al. [56] (a) | Adults with intellectual disabilities from the HA-ID study | 884 | ≥50 | Jamar hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston Rolyan, USA | 6 | Both | Sitting position | Adducted and neutrally rotated | 90° Forearm neutral | Neutral | 2nd | – | – | 1 min | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Liège, Belgium | Beaudart et al. [57] (d) | Consecutive outpatients from an osteoporotic and geriatric department of a clinic and community-dwelling older adults | 250 | ≥65 | Hydraulic and pneumatic dynamometer Saehan Corporation, MSD Europe, Bvba, Belgium (calibrated) | 6 | Both | Sitting position | – | Forearms resting on the arms of the chair | Neutral position, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards | Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side | Yes | – | – | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Liège, Belgium | Beaudart et al. [58] (d) | Community-dwelling older adults from the SarcoPhAge study | 534 | ≥65 | Hydraulic dynamometer Saehan Corporation, MSD Europe, Bvba, Belgium (calibrated) | 6 | Both | Sitting position | – | Forearms resting on the arms of the chair | Neutral position, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards | Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side | Yes | – | – | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study The Netherlands | Bijlsma et al. [59] | Young and healthy older Europeans from the Leiden Longevity Study | 654 | 38–82 | Jamar hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston Inc., Bolingbrook, IL, USA | 3 | Dominant | Standing upright | Abducted | 180° | – | Adjusted to hand size (middle phalanx rested on the inner handle) | – | – | – | Higher value | M: <30.3 kgf W: <19.3 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Leiden, The Netherlands; Jyvaskyla, Finland; Tartu, Estonia; Paris, France and Manchester, United Kingdom (UK) | Bijlsma et al. [60] | Middle to older participants from the MYOAGE study | 452 | 18–30/ 69–81 | Jamar hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston, Inc., Bolingbrook, IL, USA | 6 | Both | Standing upright | Abducted | 180° | – | Adjusted to hand size | – | – | – | Higher value | ** |
Cross-sectional study Guelph, Ontario, Canada | Campbell et al. [61] | Assisted-living older adults | 40 | ≥65 | Vernier digital hand dynamometer and collected using LoggerPro software, Vernier, OR, USA; 60 Hz | 6 | Both | Sitting position | Adducted | 90° | Dynamometer vertical | – | Yes | Self-selected pace | – | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Prospective cohort study Northern Italy | Cerri et al. [62] | Consecutively admitted older inpatients of an Acute Geriatric Clinic, S. Gerardo University Hospital | 103 | ≥65 | Jamar hand dynamometer | 3 | Dominant | Sitting position | Adducted | 90° Forearm neutral | Between 0 and 30° extension | – | – | – | 1 min | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Madrid and Barcelona, Spain | Cuesta et al. [63] (a) | Geriatric outpatients from the ELLI study | 298 | ≥70 | Jamar hand dynamometer | 3 | Dominant | Sitting position | Adducted and neutrally rotated | 90° Forearm neutral | Neutral | 2nd | – | – | 1 min | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Midwestern United States of America (USA) | Fukuda et al. [64] | Caucasian ambulatory individuals | 107 | 65–89 | DHS-176 digital handgrip dynamometer, Detecto, Webb City, MO | 3 | Dominant | Standing upright | Adducted | 90° | – | – | – | 3 to 5 s | – | Mean value | ** |
Cross-sectional study Spain | Garatachea et al. [65] | Caucasian community-dwelling older adults from two geriatric nursing homes | 81 | 71–93 | Smedley digital hand dynamometer, Sportstek,VIC, Australia | 3 | Non-dominant | Standing upright | Abducted | 180° | – | Adjusted to hand size | – | – | 30 to 60 s | Higher value | ** |
Prospective cohort study Spain | Gonzalez-Montalvo et al. [66] | Consecutive patients hospitalised for hip fracture in a public 1300-bed university hospital | 509 | ≥65 | Jamar hydraulic dynamometer, Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, IL, USA | 3 | Dominant | Sitting position | – | Forearms resting on the arms of the chair | Neutral, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards | Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side | Yes | – | – | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study USA | Gray et al. [67] | Community-dwelling older adults | 43 | ≥65 | Takei Scientific Instruments digital grip strength dynamometer, Niigata City, Japan | 3 | Preferred hand | Standing upright | – | Arms down by the side | Neutral | Interphalangeal joint of the index finger maintained at 90° | Yes | Minimum of 3 s | 1 min | Higher value | ** |
Cross-sectional study Taipei, Taiwan | Han et al. [68] | Healthy volunteers from the Taiwan Fitness for Seniors Study | 878 | ≥65 | Baseline hydraulic dynamometer, Fabrication Enterprises Inc., Irvington, NY, USA | 3 | Dominant | – | Adducted | 90° Forearm neutral | – | – | – | – | – | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study 6th district of Tehran, Iran | Hashemi et al. [69] (c) | Community-dwelling individuals from the SARIR study | 300 | ≥55 | Baseline pneumatic squeeze bulb dynamometer, Jamar, Inc. USA: c7489–02 Rolyan (calibrated) | 6 | Both | Sitting position | Adducted and neutrally rotated | 90° Forearm neutral | Neutral | 2nd | – | – | 30 s | Mean value | Compared with normative data from Merkies et al. [70] |
Cross-sectional study Northern Bavaria, Germany | Kemmler et al. [71] | Community-dwelling German women from the FORMoSA study | 1325 | ≥70 | Jamar hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston Inc., Bollington, USA | 2 | Both | Standing upright | – | Arms down by the side | – | Adjusted to hand size | – | – | – | Higher value | W: <20 kgf |
Prospective cohort study I-Lan County, Taiwan | Lee et al. [72] | Young healthy volunteers and older adults from the I-Lan Longitudinal Ageing Study | 508 | 20–40/ ≥65 | Smedley hand dynamometer, TTM, Tokyo, Japan | 3 | Dominant | Standing upright | Abducted | 180° | – | – | – | – | – | Higher value | M: <22.4 kgf W: <14.3 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Korea | Lee et al. [73] (b) | Ambulatory women from the University Hospital Menopause Clinic | 196 | ≥65 | Jamar hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston Inc., Bolingbrook, IL, USA | 3 | Dominant | Sitting position | Adducted and neutrally rotated | 90° Forearm neutral | Between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion | 2nd | – | – | – | Mean value | W: <18 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Tamana, Japan | Maeda et al. [74] | Patients admitted to acute phase wards from Tamana Regional Health Medical Center | 224 | ≥65 | Smedley hand dynamometer, TTM, Tokyo, Japan | 2 | Dominant | Standing or sitting position, depending on their ability | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Higher value | M: <26 kgf W: <18 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Salvador, Bahia, Brazil | Martinez et al. [75] | Hospitalised elderly patients in a multi-specialty hospital | 110 | ≥60 | Saehan hydraulic dynamometer, Saehan Corporation, 973, Yangdeok-Dong, Masan 630–728, Korea | 3 | – | Sitting position | – | 90° | – | – | – | – | 1 min | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Guelph, Canada | McIntosh et al. [76] | Community-dwelling older adults | 85 | ≥65 | Vernier digital hand dynamometer and collected using LoggerPro software, Vernier, OR, USA; 60 Hz | 6 | Both | Standing upright | Adducted | 90° | – | – | Yes | – | – | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Prospective cohort study Reykjavik, Iceland | Mijnarends et al. [77] | Community-dwelling older adults from the AGES-Reykjavik Study | 2309 | 66–93 | Good Strength software, Metitur, Finland | 3 | Dominant | Sitting position | Relaxed | 90°, neutral | Attached by belts to a strain-gauge system, thumb up | – | Yes | 4–5 s | 30 s | – | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Prospective cohort study Seongnam, Korea | Moon et al. [78] | Community-dwelling older adults from the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging | 297 | ≥65 | Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, IL, USA | 2 | Dominant | Sitting position | Adducted | 90° Forearm neutral | – | Adjusted to a comfortable position | – | – | 1 min | Mean value | M: <26 kgf W: <16 kgf |
Cross-sectional study London, Ontario, Canada | Morat et al. [79] | Healthy and independent living older adults from the Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging | 24 | ≥65 | Smedley hand dynamometer, TTM, Tokyo, 100 kg | 6 | Both | Standing upright | – | 90° Forearm neutral | Neutral | – | – | – |  | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Goiâna, Brazil | Pagotto et al. [80] (b) | Community-dwelling older adults | 132 | ≥60 | CROWN hydraulic dynamometer | 2 | Dominant | Sitting position | Adducted and neutrally rotated | 90° | Extended between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion | 2nd | – | 6 s | 1 min | Both values | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf and Fried’s criteria* |
Cross-sectional study UK | Patel et al. [81] (d) | Community-dwelling older adults from the Hertfordshire Sarcopenia Study | 1890 | 68–77 | Jamar hand dynamometer | 6 | Both | Sitting position | – | Forearms resting on the arms of the chair | Neutral, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards | Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side | Yes | – | – | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Pavia, Italy | Rondanelli et al. [82] | Older adults consecutively admitted to a physical medicine and rehabilitation division, in Santa Margherita institute | 159 | ≥65 | Jamar 5030 J1 hydraulic hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston Rolyan, Bolingbrook, IL,USA | 4 | – | Sitting position | – | Comfortable arm position | – | – | Yes | 5 s | 1 min | Mean value of the last three efforts | ** |
Prospective cohort study Barcelona, Spain | Sanchez-Rodriguez et al. [83] (d) | Consecutive hospitalised patients from a postacute care geriatric unit | 100 | ≥70 | Jamar hand dynamometer, Nottinghamshire, UK | 3 | – | Sitting position | – | Forearms resting on the arms of the chair | Neutral, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards | Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side | Yes | – | – | Higher value | Compared with normative data from Luna-Heredia et al. [16] |
Retrospective cohort study Kuopio, Eastern Finland | Sjoblom et al. [84] | Finnish postmenopausal women from the OSTPRE study | 590 | 65–72 | Pneumatic hand-held dynamometer Martin Vigorimeter, Germany | 3 | – | Sitting position | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Mean value | Lowest 25% |
Cross-sectional study Porto, Portugal | Sousa et al. [85] (b) | Hospitalised adult patients from medical and surgical wards in a general and teaching hospital | 608 | ≥18 | Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer, Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, IL, USA (calibrated) | 3 | Non-dominant | Sitting position | Adducted and neutrally rotated | 90° | Between 0 and 30° dorsiflexion | 2nd | – | – | 1 min | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Berlin, Germany | Spira et al. [86] | Community-dwelling older adults from the BASE-II study | 1405 | 60–80 | Smedley hand dynamometer, Scandidact, Denmark | 6 | Both | Standing upright | Adducted and neutrally rotated | 90° Forearm neutral | Neutral | – | – | – | – | Higher value | Fried’s criteria* |
Cross-sectional study Manchester, UK and Leuven, Belgium | Verschuere et al. [87] (d) | Men from the European Male Ageing Study | 679 | 40–79 | Jamar hand dynamometer, TEC Inc., Clifton, NJ | 6 | Both | Sitting position | – | Forearms resting on the arms of the chair | Neutral, over the end of the arm of the chair, thumb facing upwards | Adjusted so that the thumb is round one side of the handle and the four fingers are around the other side | Yes | – | – | Higher value | Fried’s criteria* |
Multicentre cohort study Italy | Vetrano et al. [88] | Older adults admitted to acute care wards, of seven Italian hospitals, from the CRIME study | 770 | ≥65 | North Coast hydraulic hand dynamometer, North Coast Medical Inc., Morgan Hill, CA | 4 | Both | Sitting position or lying at 30° in bed (when unable to sit) | – | 90° or with elbows supported | Neutral | – | – | – | – | Higher value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cohort study Ankara, Turkey | Yalcin et al. [89] | Residents in Seyranbagları Nursing Home and Rehabilitation Center | 141 | ≥65 | Takei Scientific Instruments, Niigata, Japan | 2 | Dominant | – | Abducted (30°) | 180° | Palm perpendicular to the shoulder line | – | – | 5 s | – | Mean value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |
Cross-sectional study Obu, Aichi, Japan | Yoshida et al. [90] | Community-dwelling older adults from Obu Study of Health Promotion for the Elderly | 4811 | ≥65 | Grip-D hand dynamometer, Takei, Niigata, Japan | 1 | Dominant | Standing upright | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Single value | M: <28.8 kgf W: <18.2 kgf |
Cohort study North west regions and Western suburbs of Adelaide, Australia | Yu et al. [91] | Community-dwelling individuals, from the CASA, FAMAS and NWAHS studies | 1123 | ≥18 | Lafayette Instrument Company, IN, USA (CASA and NWAHS), Smedley, Chicago, IL (FAMAS) | 3 | Dominant | Sitting position | – | Arm supported by a horizontal surface | – | – | – | – | – | Mean value | M: <30 kgf W: <20 kgf |