Table 1 Characteristics of the sample according to sex and to age range
From: Handgrip strength values of Portuguese older adults: a population based study
Women | Men | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age range (years) | p | Age range (years) | p | |||||
[65–75[ | [75–85[ | ≥85 | [65–75[ | [75–85[ | ≥85 | |||
n (%) | 423 (48.7) | 328 (37.8) | 117 (13.5) | 354 (56.4) | 218 (34.7) | 56 (8.9) | ||
Education (years), n (%) | ||||||||
no formal schooling | 28 (6.6) | 84 (25.6) | 40 (34.2) | 17 (4.8) | 32 (14.7) | 11 (19.6) | ||
1–4 schooling years | 355 (83.9) | 228 (69.5) | 73 (62.4) | <0.001 | 295 (83.3) | 169 (77.5) | 39 (69.7) | <0.001 |
˃ 4 schooling years | 40 (9.5) | 16 (4.9) | 4 (3.4) | 42 (11.9) | 17 (7.8) | 6 (10.7) | ||
Mini Mental State Examination, n (%) | ||||||||
no cognitive impairment | 410 (96.9) | 296 (90.2) | 98 (83.8) | <0.001 | 316 (89.3) | 189 (86.7) | 45 (80.4) | 0.152 |
cognitive impairmenta | 13 (3.1) | 32 (9.8) | 19 (16.2) | 38 (10.7) | 29 (13.3) | 11 (19.6) | ||
Number of chronic diseasesb, mean (SD) | 4.1 (2.2) | 4.5 (2.1) | 4.2 (2.0) | 0.129 | 3.1 (1.9) | 3.1 (1.7) | 3.0 (2.1) | 0.947 |
Self-reported sitting time (hours/day), mean (SD) | 4.6 (2.7) | 6.3 (3.1) | 7.6 (3.5) | <0.001 | 4.9 (2.8) | 5.5 (2.9) | 6.9 (3.4) | <0.001 |
Practice of physical activity (hours/day), mean (SD) | 1.9 (2.1) | 0.9 (1.1) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.523 | 1.9 (2.0) | 1.4 (1.9) | 0.9 (1.1) | 0.264 |
Weight (Kg), mean (SD) | 70.3 (12.8) | 68.6 (12.6) | 62.3 (11.2) | 0.421 | 78.1 (12.2) | 77.5 (11.8) | 72.6 (9.8) | 0.810 |
Height (cm), mean (SD) | 152.9 (5.9) | 150.5 (5.9) | 147.3 (5.7) | 0.006 | 165.9 (6.8) | 163.9 (6.6) | 161.5 (6.6) | 0.232 |
Body mass index (Kg/m2), mean (SD) | 30.0 (5.0) | 30.2 (5.1) | 28.6 (4.6) | 0.044 | 28.3 (3.9) | 28.8 (4.2) | 27.9 (3.9) | 0.197 |
Mid-arm muscle circumferencec (cm), mean (SD) | 22.8 (3.8) | 22.6 (2.9) | 22.2 (2.9) | 0.683 | 24.8 (3.1) | 24.6 (6.5) | 22.9 (3.0) | 0.013 |
Waist circumferenced (cm), mean (SD) | 96.4 (12.0) | 98.9 (12.4) | 95.9 (11.8) | 0.212 | 101.9 (10.6) | 104.2 (10.2) | 102.8 (10.9) | 0.895 |
Calf circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 35.9 (3.9) | 35.5 (3.5) | 33.8 (3.1) | <0.001 | 36.2 (3.6) | 35.9 (3.2) | 34.6 (2.7) | 0.007 |
Mini Nutritional Assessment – Short Form, n (%) | ||||||||
without undernutrition | 357 (84.4) | 266 (81.1) | 83 (70.9) | 0.004 | 316 (89.3) | 189 (86.7) | 45 (80.4) | 0.152 |
with risk of undernutrition or undernourished | 66 (15.6) | 62 (18.9) | 34 (29.1) | 38 (10.7) | 29 (13.3) | 11 (19.6) | ||
Handgrip strength (Kgf), mean (SD) | 20.1 (5.4) | 16.6 (4.6) | 14.3 (3.9) | <0.001 | 33.4 (9.3) | 27.4 (7.3) | 22.5 (7.2) | 0.006 |