| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agea | −0.21 (0.01)*** | −0.18 (0.02)*** | −0.20 (0.01)*** | −0.18 (0.01)*** | −0.11 (0.01)*** | −0.07 (0.01)*** |
Residential status (Ref: urban residents) | ||||||
 Rural-to-urban residents | 0.06 (0.17) | 0.31 (0.17) | −0.05 (0.17) | 0.26 (0.17) | −0.01 (0.17) | 0.50 (0.17)** |
 Rural residents | −0.78 (0.16)*** | 0.38 (0.17) * | −0.75 (0.16)*** | 0.08 (0.16) | −0.68 (0.16)*** | 0.42 (0.16)** |
 Urban-to-rural residents | −0.47 (0.38) | −0.04 (0.38) | −0.45 (0.38) | −0.09 (0.38) | −0.15 (0.37) | 0.31 (0.36) |
Age * Residential status (Ref: Age *urban residents) | ||||||
 Age *Rural-to-urban residents | −0.06 (0.01)*** | −0.06 (0.01)*** | −0.06 (0.01)*** | −0.06 (0.01)*** | −0.06 (0.01)*** | −0.07 (0.01)*** |
 Age *Rural residents | −0.03 (0.01)** | −0.04 (0.01)** | −0.03 (0.01)** | −0.06 (0.01)*** | −0.05 (0.01)*** | −0.07 (0.01)*** |
 Age *Urban-to-rural residents | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.02) |
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
 Male | 1.25 (0.06)*** | 0.58 (0.07)*** | 1.12 (0.06)*** | 1.03 (0.07)*** | 0.91 (0.06)*** | 0.28 (0.07)** |
 Han ethnicity | −0.18 (0.13) | −0.22 (0.13) | −0.18 (0.13) | −0.28 (0.13)* | 0.07 (0.12) | −0.01 (0.12) |
Socioeconomic Factors | ||||||
 Education (Ref: no education) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  1–6 years of education |  | 1.12 (0.07)*** |  |  |  | 0.94 (0.07)*** |
  7+ years of education |  | 1.49 (0.11)*** |  |  |  | 1.23 (0.11)*** |
 Prof./admin. Occupation |  | 0.22 (0.11)* |  |  |  | 0.11 (0.10) |
 Economic independence |  | 0.66 (0.07)*** |  |  |  | 0.35 (0.06)*** |
 Childhood SES |  | 0.20 (0.04)*** |  |  |  | 0.16 (0.04)*** |
Family Support Factors | ||||||
 Married |  |  | 0.50 (0.07)*** |  |  | 0.25 (0.06)*** |
 High proximity to offspring |  |  | −0.09 (0.07) |  |  | 0.10 (0.07) |
Behavioral Factors | ||||||
 Current smoking |  |  |  | 0.30 (0.07)*** |  | 0.06 (0.07) |
 Exercises regularly |  |  |  | 1.34 (0.06)*** |  | 0.82 (0.06)*** |
 Consumes vegetables |  |  |  | 1.90 (0.09)*** |  | 1.53 (0.08)*** |
 Consumes fish |  |  |  | 0.64 (0.06)*** |  | 0.45 (0.05)*** |
Health Status | ||||||
 Any chronic condition |  |  |  |  | −0.08 (0.05) | −0.19 (0.05)* ** |
 Any ADL disability |  |  |  |  | −3.96 (0.08)*** | −3.79 (0.08)*** |
 Any IADL disability |  |  |  |  | −1.90 (0.06)*** | −1.62 (0.06)*** |
Attrition (Ref: survivors) | ||||||
 Loss to follow-up | −0.41 (0.08)*** | −0.47 (0.08)*** | −0.40 (0.08)*** | −0.43 (0.08)*** | −0.21 (0.08)*** | −0.26 (0.08)*** |
 Deceased | −2.49 (0.08)*** | −2.45 (0.08)*** | −2.47 (0.08)*** | −2.32 (0.08)*** | −1.73 (0.07)*** | −1.62 (0.07)*** |
Goodness of fit | ||||||
 AIC | 248,552 | 243,980 | 248,485 | 247,188 | 244,433 | 239,279 |
 BIC | 248,681 | 244,151 | 248,631 | 247,317 | 244,588 | 239,493 |