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Table 3 Estimates of Coefficients for Residential Status in Mixed Effect Model on Cognitive Performance, CLHLS 2002–2014

From: The impact of residential status on cognitive decline among older adults in China: Results from a longitudinal study

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

Agea

−0.21 (0.01)***

−0.18 (0.02)***

−0.20 (0.01)***

−0.18 (0.01)***

−0.11 (0.01)***

−0.07 (0.01)***

Residential status (Ref: urban residents)

 Rural-to-urban residents

0.06 (0.17)

0.31 (0.17)

−0.05 (0.17)

0.26 (0.17)

−0.01 (0.17)

0.50 (0.17)**

 Rural residents

−0.78 (0.16)***

0.38 (0.17) *

−0.75 (0.16)***

0.08 (0.16)

−0.68 (0.16)***

0.42 (0.16)**

 Urban-to-rural residents

−0.47 (0.38)

−0.04 (0.38)

−0.45 (0.38)

−0.09 (0.38)

−0.15 (0.37)

0.31 (0.36)

Age * Residential status (Ref: Age *urban residents)

 Age *Rural-to-urban residents

−0.06 (0.01)***

−0.06 (0.01)***

−0.06 (0.01)***

−0.06 (0.01)***

−0.06 (0.01)***

−0.07 (0.01)***

 Age *Rural residents

−0.03 (0.01)**

−0.04 (0.01)**

−0.03 (0.01)**

−0.06 (0.01)***

−0.05 (0.01)***

−0.07 (0.01)***

 Age *Urban-to-rural residents

−0.01 (0.03)

−0.01 (0.03)

−0.01 (0.03)

−0.03 (0.03)

−0.05 (0.02)

−0.05 (0.02)

Demographic characteristics

 Male

1.25 (0.06)***

0.58 (0.07)***

1.12 (0.06)***

1.03 (0.07)***

0.91 (0.06)***

0.28 (0.07)**

 Han ethnicity

−0.18 (0.13)

−0.22 (0.13)

−0.18 (0.13)

−0.28 (0.13)*

0.07 (0.12)

−0.01 (0.12)

Socioeconomic Factors

 Education (Ref: no education)

      

  1–6 years of education

 

1.12 (0.07)***

   

0.94 (0.07)***

  7+ years of education

 

1.49 (0.11)***

   

1.23 (0.11)***

 Prof./admin. Occupation

 

0.22 (0.11)*

   

0.11 (0.10)

 Economic independence

 

0.66 (0.07)***

   

0.35 (0.06)***

 Childhood SES

 

0.20 (0.04)***

   

0.16 (0.04)***

Family Support Factors

 Married

  

0.50 (0.07)***

  

0.25 (0.06)***

 High proximity to offspring

  

−0.09 (0.07)

  

0.10 (0.07)

Behavioral Factors

 Current smoking

   

0.30 (0.07)***

 

0.06 (0.07)

 Exercises regularly

   

1.34 (0.06)***

 

0.82 (0.06)***

 Consumes vegetables

   

1.90 (0.09)***

 

1.53 (0.08)***

 Consumes fish

   

0.64 (0.06)***

 

0.45 (0.05)***

Health Status

 Any chronic condition

    

−0.08 (0.05)

−0.19 (0.05)* **

 Any ADL disability

    

−3.96 (0.08)***

−3.79 (0.08)***

 Any IADL disability

    

−1.90 (0.06)***

−1.62 (0.06)***

Attrition (Ref: survivors)

 Loss to follow-up

−0.41 (0.08)***

−0.47 (0.08)***

−0.40 (0.08)***

−0.43 (0.08)***

−0.21 (0.08)***

−0.26 (0.08)***

 Deceased

−2.49 (0.08)***

−2.45 (0.08)***

−2.47 (0.08)***

−2.32 (0.08)***

−1.73 (0.07)***

−1.62 (0.07)***

Goodness of fit

 AIC

248,552

243,980

248,485

247,188

244,433

239,279

 BIC

248,681

244,151

248,631

247,317

244,588

239,493

  1. Abbreviations: AIC Akaike Information Criterion, BIC Bayesian information criterion
  2. Model 1: Adjusted for demographic characteristics; Model 2: Model 1 + Socioeconomic factors; Model 3: Model 1 + Family support; Model 4: Model 1 + Behaviroal factors; Model 5: Model 1 + Health status; Model 6: full model.
  3. acentered at age 65; Standard errors within parentheses; * p-value < 0.05; ** p-value < 0.01; *** p-value < 0.001