Table 2 Baseline Descriptive Characteristics of the CLHLS Study Sample
| Â | Â | Residence | Â | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Total (n = 17,333) | Urban (n = 2325) | Rural to Urban (n = 5059) | Rural (n = 9578) | Urban to Rural (n = 371) | P value |
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
 Age, mean (SD) | 77.9 (7.87) | 77.3 (8.10) | 78.3 (7.80) | 77.5 (7.94) | 77.8 (7.84) | <0.001 |
 Male,% | 51.40 | 51.74 | 49.99 | 82.05 | 52.02 | 0.122 |
 Han ethnicity,% | 93.69 | 96.00 | 95.77 | 91.98 | 94.88 | <0.001 |
Socioeconomic Factors | ||||||
 Education,% | ||||||
  No education | 52.28 | 31.14 | 49.38 | 59.11 | 47.98 | <0.001 |
  6 years of education | 34.41 | 35.27 | 35.93 | 33.44 | 33.15 | |
  7+ years of education | 13.31 | 33.59 | 14.69 | 7.44 | 18.87 | |
 Prof./admin. Occupation,% | 10.62 | 25.55 | 15.81 | 4.20 | 11.86 | <0.001 |
 Economic independence,% | 39.96 | 68.00 | 48.73 | 28.43 | 42.32 | <0.001 |
 Childhood SES, mean (SD) | 1.73 (0.77) | 1.80 (0.85) | 1.72 (0.78) | 1.73 (0.74) | 1.86 (0.76) | <0.001 |
Family Support Factors | ||||||
 Married,% | 50.22 | 53.68 | 49.26 | 49.79 | 52.56 | 0.002 |
 High proximity to children,% | 83.29 | 70.67 | 77.98 | 89.13 | 83.83 | <0.001 |
Behavioral Factors | ||||||
 Current smoking,% | 24.09 | 21.29 | 21.82 | 26.02 | 22.64 | <0.001 |
 Exercises regularly,% | 34.86 | 55.61 | 46.67 | 23.07 | 48.25 | <0.001 |
 Consumes vegetables,% | 89.35 | 91.57 | 90.16 | 88.36 | 90.16 | <0.001 |
 Consumes fish,% | 30.65 | 41.20 | 35.11 | 25.42 | 38.54 | <0.001 |
Health Status | ||||||
 Any chronic condition,% | 60.53 | 69.25 | 64.18 | 56.59 | 57.95 | <0.001 |
 Any ADL disability,% | 12.10 | 15.14 | 15.04 | 9.95 | 8.63 | <0.001 |
 Any IADL disability,% | 49.91 | 46.62 | 50.56 | 50.29 | 51.75 | 0.007 |
MMSE, mean (SD) | 25.7 (5.93) | 26.85 (5.09) | 25.87 (5.90) | 25.26 (6.10) | 26.30 (5.68) | <0.001 |
Died during study period,% | 41.12 | 32.56 | 44.57 | 41.12 | 47.71 | <0.001 <0.001 |
Loss to follow-up,% | 28.60 | 45.42 | 35.86 | 19.25 | 33.42 | |