Table 1 Characteristics of the participants according to levels of participation restriction

n

(%)

n

(%)

N

(%)

P value

Gender

0.298

Male

76

(25.4)

49

(23.7)

27

(29.3)

Female

223

(74.6)

158

(76.3)

65

(70.7)

Living Alone

0.859

Yes

118

(39.5)

81

(39.1)

37

(40.2)

No

181

(60.5)

126

(60.9)

55

(59.8)

Number of hospitalizations in the past 12 months

0.490

0

243

(81.3)

165

(79.7)

78

(84.8)

1

45

(15.1)

33

(15.9)

12

(13.0)

2

5

(1.7)

3

(1.4)

2

(2.2)

3

5

(1.7)

5

(2.4)

0

(0.0)

4

1

(0.3)

1

(0.5)

0

(0.0)

Number of falls in the past 12 months

0.255

0

242

(80.9)

163

(78.7)

79

(85.9)

1

41

(13.7)

29

(14.0)

12

(13.0)

2

7

(2.3)

6

(2.9)

1

(1.1)

3

8

(2.7)

8

(3.9)

0

(0.0)

4

1

(0.3)

1

(0.5)

0

(0.0)

Mean

(SD)

Mean

(SD)

Mean

(SD)

P value

 Age

79.5

(7.33)

80.9

(7.04)

76.6

(7.12)

0.000**

 Frailty phenotype criteria (0–5, 1–2: pre-frail; ≥3: frail)

2.54

(0.88)

2.72

(0.88)

2.11

(0.73)

0.000**

 Number of diseases

2.4

(1.49)

2.5

(1.52)

2.1

(1.38)

0.011*

 Number of prescribed medications

3.1

(2.63)

3.2

(2.61)

2.7

(2.66)

0.130

 C-CCI (0–43,a higher score means a higher level of comorbidity)

4.1

(1.13)

4.3

(1.08)

3.7

(1.12)

0.000**

 SSS (0–10, a lower rating means a lower self-perceived socioeconomic status)

4.5

(2.18)

4.3

(2.12)

5.1

(2.25)

0.006*

 CLSNS (0–50, a higher score means stronger social networks)

22.5

(10.23)

20.9

(10.25)

26.2

(9.25)

0.000**

 Pain assessment (0–11, a higher rating means a higher level of pain)

3.9

(3.38)

4.2

(3.39)

3.1

(3.25)

0.013*

 CMFI-20 (20–100, a higher score means a higher fatigue level)

66.5

(12.17)

69.4

(11.24)

60.1

(11.79)

0.000**

 CMNA-SF (0–14, <11 indicates malnutrition)

12.6

(1.44)

12.4

(1.50)

13.1

(1.14)

0.000**

 C-PSQI (0–21, a higher score means poorer sleep quality)

7.6

(4.10)

8.4

(4.10)

5.7

(3.46)

0.000**

 CGDS-SF (0-15, ≥6 indicates the presence of depressed mood)

4.4

(3.58)

5.2

(3.61)

2.4

(2.60)

0.000**

 TUG (a longer time means a weaker physical performance)

18.4

(14.06)

21.4

(15.88)

11.8

(3.59)

0.000**

 CFES-I (16–64, a higher score means more concern about falling)

33.3

(10.77)

35.8

(10.83)

27.4

(8.05)

0.000**

 PASE-C (a higher score means a higher physical activity level)

65.7

(47.9)

54.9

(40.74)

90.7

(53.88)

0.000**

 C-IADL (0–27, a lower score means a higher level of dependence)

20.4

(6.15)

19.0

(6.32)

23.5

(4.35)

0.000**

 C-RNLI (0–100, a lower score means a higher participation restriction level)

68.3

(19.64)

60.5

(18.41)

75.1

(18.08)

0.005**