Gait cycle | Muscle pair | Young | Middle-aged | Elderly |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 15) | (n = 15) | (n = 16) | ||
Stance phase (%) | ||||
Initial contact (0-2%) | RA:ES | 20.32 ± 5.29 | 13.20 ± 8.62 | 7.40 ± 2.93**† |
RA:MF | 23.71 ± 7.00 | 17.20 ± 5.24 | 4.69 ± 2.00**†† | |
RF:BF | 17.39 ± 7.34 | 22.60 ± 8.17 | 27.72 ± 6.75* | |
VMO:BF | 16.73 ± 5.55 | 19.53 ± 7.54 | 24.45 ± 5.79* | |
GMED:ADD | 18.02 ± 3.34 | 20.63 ± 5.64 | 21.78 ± 4.90 | |
TA:mGCM | 14.05 ± 6.42 | 14.44 ± 3.89 | 18.49 ± 7.50 | |
Loading response (2-12%) | RA:ES | 10.90 ± 5.81 | 3.65 ± 2.44 | 2.35 ± 1.51* |
RA:MF | 7.19 ± 5.88 | 4.17 ± 2.14 | 2.24 ± 1.62* | |
RF:BF | 4.35 ± 1.47 | 4.76 ± 1.35 | 7.35 ± 3.28*† | |
VMO:BF | 3.27 ± 1.74 | 4.09 ± 1.15 | 5.76 ± 1.72**† | |
GMED:ADD | 4.17 ± 1.07 | 5.17 ± 1.34 | 6.44 ± 2.26 | |
TA:mGCM | 3.97 ± 1.66 | 4.56 ± 1.36 | 4.99 ± 1.47 | |
Mid-stance (12-31%) | RA:ES | 3.65 ± 1.74 | 3.08 ± 1.63 | 1.52 ± 0.71*† |
RA:MF | 3.44 ± 1.89 | 2.54 ± 1.76 | 1.66 ± 0.99* | |
RF:BF | 2.19 ± 1.62 | 2.87 ± 0.87 | 7.22 ± 1.06 | |
VMO:BF | 1.83 ± 1.06 | 1.88 ± 0.71 | 2.65 ± 1.45 | |
GMED:ADD | 1.43 ± 0.87 | 1.96 ± 0.77 | 4.67 ± 2.14**†† | |
TA:mGCM | 1.77 ± 0.80 | 1.79 ± 0.82 | 1.90 ± 0.74 | |
Terminal stance (31-50%) | RA:ES | 1.57 ± 0.53 | 1.37 ± 0.68. | 1.17 ± 0.70 |
RA:MF | 1.73 ± 0.90 | 1.71 ± 0.78 | 1.26 ± 0.34 | |
RF:BF | 2.86 ± 1.38 | 2.85 ± 0.95 | 3.37 ± 2.27 | |
VMO:BF | 1.94 ± 1.01 | 2.17 ± 0.79 | 2.70 ± 1.11 | |
GMED:ADD | 1.65 ± 0.73 | 2.39 ± 0.67 | 2.90 ± 1.49* | |
TA:mGCM | 0.99 ± 0.18 | 1.10 ± 0.35 | 3.18 ± 0.50 | |
Pre-swing (50-62%) | RA:ES | 2.35 ± 1.39 | 2.32 ± 1.27 | 1.81 ± 1.31 |
RA:MF | 2.21 ± 1.24 | 2.01 ± 1.21 | 1.93 ± 1.17 | |
RF:BF | 2.96 ± 1.33 | 3.07 ± 1.50 | 5.67 ± 2.27* | |
VMO:BF | 2.95 ± 1.57 | 2.88 ± 1.01 | 3.95 ± 1.16 | |
GMED:ADD | 2.22 ± 1.03 | 3.36 ± 0.83 | 5.34 ± 1.44 | |
TA:mGCM | 2.82 ± 1.06 | 2.99 ± 0.72 | 3.60 ± 1.41 | |
Swing phase (%) | ||||
Initial swing (62-75%) | RA:ES | 3.28 ± 1.26 | 2.98 ± 0.96 | 1.03 ± 0.38* |
RA:MF | 3.25 ± 1.45 | 2.98 ± 1.23 | 2.01 ± 0.34 | |
RF:BF | 2.31 ± 1.28 | 2.61 ± 1.21 | 3.16 ± 0.97 | |
VMO:BF | 1.87 ± 1.21 | 2.44 ± 1.48 | 2.87 ± 1.42 | |
GMED:ADD | 1.47 ± 1.05 | 2.89 ± 1.15 | 2.98 ± 1.32 | |
TA:mGCM | 2.42 ± 1.22 | 2.27 ± 1.08 | 1.69 ± 0.96 | |
Mid-swing (75-87%) | RA:ES | 5.91 ± 2.62 | 4.00 ± 1.03 | 1.86 ± 1.24**† |
RA:MF | 5.32 ± 2.10 | 3.87 ± 1.81 | 2.21 ± 0.48**† | |
RF:BF | 3.04 ± 1.56 | 3.69 ± 1.21 | 5.82 ± 2.12** | |
VMO:BF | 2.50 ± 2.15 | 3.00 ± 1.75 | 4.23 ± 1.63* | |
GMED:ADD | 2.10 ± 1.08 | 3.01 ± 1.47 | 3.92 ± 1.08 | |
TA:mGCM | 1.78 ± 1.04 | 3.06 ± 1.36 | 4.27 ± 0.31**† | |
Terminal swing (87-100%) | RA:ES | 2.76 ± 1.20 | 2.17 ± 1.05 | 1.20 ± 0.37* |
RA:MF | 2.49 ± 1.29 | 2.30 ± 1.12 | 1.41 ± 0.21* | |
RF:BF | 3.21 ± 1.04 | 3.30 ± 1.20 | 4.92 ± 1.20*† | |
VMO:BF | 3.35 ± 1.29 | 3.40 ± 1.34 | 4.32 ± 1.31 | |
GMED:ADD | 1.83 ± 1.12 | 1.99 ± 0.87 | 3.00 ± 1.24**†† | |
TA:mGCM | 1.84 ± 1.24 | 2.04 ± 1.12 | 4.92 ± 2.15**†† |