From: Self-perceived uselessness and associated factors among older adults in China
Self-perceived uselessness (percentage) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Sample %a | Always/often | Sometimes | Seldom/never | Unable to answer |
Total sample | 48,476 (100%) | 11,147 (23.0%)b | 15,122 (31.2%)b | 16,000 (33.0%)b | 6207 (12.8%)b |
Resources (R) | |||||
Own education, 0 years of schooling | 66.0 | 24.9 | 30.7 | 28.5 | 15.9 |
Own education, 1–6 years of schooling | 25.1 | 20.8 | 32.9 | 38.7 | 7.6 |
Own education, 7+ years of schooling | 8.9 | 15.0 | 29.9 | 50.2 | 4.9 |
Spouse’s education, 0 years of schooling | 54.3 | 24.5 | 30.9 | 30.0 | 14.7 |
Spouse’s education, 1–6 years of schooling | 21.4 | 22.8 | 31.6 | 36.1 | 9.5 |
Spouse’s education, 7+ years of schooling | 7.4 | 17.6 | 30.2 | 45.5 | 6.7 |
Spouse’s education, missing or not applicable | 16.9 | 20.8 | 32.0 | 33.5 | 13.7 |
Father’s education, 0 years of schooling | 69.3 | 24.5 | 31.0 | 31.2 | 13.3 |
Father’s education, 1+ year of schooling | 15.4 | 19.8 | 32.5 | 40.6 | 7.1 |
Father’s education missing | 15.3 | 19.7 | 30.8 | 33.4 | 16.2 |
Rural | 56.4 | 24.7 | 31.4 | 30.2 | 13.8 |
Urban | 43.6 | 20.9 | 30.9 | 36.7 | 11.6 |
Non-white collar occupation | 92.3 | 23.7 | 31.3 | 31.7 | 13.3 |
White collar occupation | 7.7 | 14.2 | 29.7 | 49.2 | 6.9 |
Economic dependence | 72.2 | 25.2 | 30.7 | 28.4 | 15.7 |
Economic independence | 27.8 | 17.3 | 32.5 | 45.0 | 5.2 |
Fair or poor family economic condition | 84.8 | 24.1 | 31.5 | 31.0 | 13.4 |
Rich family economic condition | 15.2 | 16.8 | 29.3 | 44.5 | 9.3 |
Environments (E) -- Family/social support | |||||
Currently not married | 66.0 | 24.5 | 30.2 | 28.2 | 17.1 |
Currently married | 34.0 | 20.1 | 33.1 | 42.3 | 4.5 |
Most frequently contacted person - family member | 77.0 | 22.2 | 32.5 | 34.6 | 10.8 |
Most frequently contacted person – friend/relative | 16.9 | 26.9 | 32.1 | 33.6 | 7.4 |
No one to contact | 6.1 | 24.3 | 15.1 | 14.8 | 45.8 |
Most trusted person - family member | 87.8 | 22.7 | 32.3 | 34.2 | 10.9 |
Most trusted person – friend/relative | 6.6 | 27.4 | 30.9 | 31.9 | 9.8 |
No one to trust | 6.6 | 25.4 | 18.4 | 18.5 | 37.8 |
Most helpful person - family member | 92.5 | 23.1 | 31.7 | 33.7 | 11.5 |
Most helpful person – friend/relative | 4.8 | 28.2 | 29.5 | 29.4 | 12.9 |
No one to ask for help | 2.7 | 24.7 | 18.2 | 18.7 | 38.4 |
Community-based care services available - no | 95.5 | 23.0 | 31.3 | 32.8 | 12.8 |
Community-based care services available - yes | 4.5 | 22.8 | 28.0 | 36.7 | 12.5 |
Community-based social services available - no | 88.0 | 23.4 | 31.0 | 32.2 | 13.4 |
Community-based social services available - yes | 12.0 | 19.9 | 32.6 | 39.2 | 8.3 |
Environments (E) --Cultural tradition | |||||
Coresidence with children - no | 39.3 | 24.3 | 32.5 | 35.6 | 7.6 |
Coresidence with children - yes | 60.7 | 22.2 | 30.4 | 31.3 | 16.2 |
Discordant living arrangements/institutionalization | 26.3 | 22.3 | 27.5 | 30.0 | 20.2 |
Concordance in living alone or with spouse | 27.4 | 24.4 | 33.7 | 37.9 | 4.0 |
Concordance in coresidence with children | 46.3 | 22.6 | 31.8 | 31.8 | 13.8 |
Receiving money/food from children - no | 20.0 | 21.5 | 28.5 | 33.5 | 16.6 |
Receiving money/food from children - yes | 80.0 | 23.4 | 31.9 | 32.9 | 11.9 |
Giving money/food to children - yes | 77.0 | 24.5 | 30.2 | 30.2 | 15.1 |
Giving money/food to children - no | 23.0 | 18.1 | 34.5 | 42.5 | 5.0 |
Health conditions (H) | |||||
ADL independent | 74.6 | 21.8 | 33.7 | 38.1 | 6.5 |
ADL dependent | 25.4 | 26.4 | 24.0 | 18.2 | 31.5 |
IADL independent | 32.0 | 15.5 | 33.1 | 49.7 | 1.7 |
IADL dependent | 68.0 | 26.5 | 30.3 | 25.2 | 18.0 |
Cognitively unimpaired | 60.1 | 21.1 | 35.7 | 41.7 | 1.4 |
Cognitively impaired | 39.9 | 25.8 | 24.4 | 19.9 | 30.0 |
No chronic disease | 40.1 | 19.6 | 31.1 | 36.6 | 12.7 |
1+ chronic disease | 59.9 | 25.2 | 31.3 | 30.6 | 12.9 |
Low joyfulness | 64.2 | 25.8 | 33.7 | 25.4 | 15.1 |
High joyfulness | 35.8 | 18.1 | 26.8 | 46.5 | 8.6 |
Low loneliness | 92.9 | 19.9 | 31.8 | 34.8 | 13.5 |
High loneliness | 7.1 | 62.9 | 23.3 | 10.1 | 3.8 |
Fixed attributes (A) | |||||
Mean age (years) | 86.4c | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Age 65–79 | 30.3 | 19.7 | 34.3 | 43.8 | 2.3 |
Age 80–89 | 26.7 | 26.4 | 33.3 | 32.7 | 7.6 |
Age 90–99 | 26.0 | 24.7 | 29.9 | 28.1 | 17.3 |
Age 100+ | 17.0 | 20.9 | 24.4 | 21.9 | 32.8 |
Female | 56.4 | 25.0 | 30.2 | 28.8 | 16.0 |
Male | 43.6 | 20.4 | 32.5 | 38.4 | 8.7 |
Non-Han ethnicity | 16.3 | 19.3 | 34.0 | 34.2 | 12.5 |
Han ethnicity | 83.7 | 23.7 | 30.7 | 32.8 | 12.9 |
Low optimism | 24.0 | 33.1 | 32.7 | 19.1 | 15.1 |
High optimism | 76.0 | 19.8 | 30.7 | 37.4 | 12.1 |
Low self-control | 46.1 | 24.3 | 30.5 | 24.8 | 20.3 |
High self-control | 53.9 | 21.9 | 31.8 | 40.0 | 6.4 |
Behaviors (B) | |||||
Currently smoking - no | 82.3 | 23.5 | 30.8 | 31.8 | 14.0 |
Currently smoking - yes | 17.7 | 20.8 | 33.2 | 38.8 | 7.1 |
Currently consuming alcohol - no | 82.4 | 23.8 | 31.0 | 31.5 | 13.7 |
Current consuming alcohol - yes | 17.6 | 19.2 | 32.0 | 40.2 | 8.6 |
Regularly exercising - no | 70.8 | 25.2 | 31.0 | 27.8 | 16.0 |
Regularly exercising - yes | 29.2 | 17.6 | 31.7 | 45.7 | 5.0 |
Leisure activity low level | 33.0 | 26.7 | 24.5 | 19.1 | 29.7 |
Leisure activity medium level | 31.2 | 25.1 | 34.5 | 33.5 | 7.0 |
Leisure activity high level | 35.6 | 17.8 | 34.5 | 45.4 | 2.4 |
Social participation low level | 75.6 | 25.2 | 30.6 | 28.5 | 15.7 |
Social participation medium level | 11.0 | 16.7 | 34.6 | 43.4 | 5.4 |
Social participation high level | 13.6 | 15.8 | 31.6 | 49.8 | 2.8 |
Survey years | |||||
Wave 2005 | 31.6 | 23.2 | 32.2 | 33.4 | 11.3 |
Wave 2008 | 33.7 | 23.9 | 29.1 | 31.9 | 15.1 |
Wave 2011 | 20.0 | 22.1 | 31.9 | 34.4 | 11.6 |
Wave 2014 | 14.7 | 21.7 | 33.0 | 33.0 | 12.3 |