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Table 3 Outcomes for hip fracture patients and control participants not experiencing hip fracture

From: A critical review of the long-term disability outcomes following hip fracture

Study

Outcome

Follow-up time

Controls matched for

Hip Fracture

Control

P-value

Activity - Mobility

 Boonen 2004 [19]

Unable to walk independently

1 year

age, residence

   

<80 years

30 %

7 %

<0.001

>80 years

56 %

15 %

<0.001

 Magaziner 2003 [21]

Disabled walking 3 m (SE)

1 year

age, gender, walking ability

54 % (2)

21 % (2)

<0.01

 Marottoli 1992 [16]

Walk independently across room

6 mo (HF)

age, gender, physical function

15 %

 

NR

1 year (Con)

  

72 %

 Norton 2000 [22]

Retain community mobility

2 years

age, gender

54 %

87 %

P < 0.001e

 Wolinsky 1997 [17]

Mean increase in no. lower body limitations

Median 2.3 years

nilf

1.75

0.75

P ≤ 0.0001

Mean increase in no. upper body limitations

0.50

0.27

P < 0.001

Activity - Composite measure of Basic ADLs

 Boonen 2004 [19]

Mean RDRS-2 score for assistance with ADL (95 % CI)

1 year

age, residence

8.6 (7.5–9.9)

2.8 (2.1–3.4)

<0.001

 Norton 2000 [22]

Retain functional independence

2 years

age, gender, independence

72 %

94 %

P < 0.001e

 Tosteson 2001 [23]

Limited daily activities

1–5 years

nil

59 %

13 %

<0.05c

 Wolinsky 1997 [17]

Mean increase in no. ADL limitations

Median 2.3 years

nilf

2.08

0.79

P ≤ 0.0001

Activity - Self-care

 Magaziner 2003 [21]

Requiring assistance with grooming (SE)i

1 year

age, gender, walking ability

17 % (2)

9 % (1)

P < 0.001

2 years

18 % (2)

10 % (1)

P < 0.001

 Marottoli 1992 [16]

Dressing independently

6 mo (HF)

age, gender, physical function

49 %

-

NR

1 year (Con)

-

91 %

 Tosteson 2001 [23]

Difficulty putting on socks

1–5 years

nil

43 %

13 %

P < 0.05

Participation – domestic life

 Wolinsky 1997 [17]

Mean increase in no. household ADL limitationsg

Median 2.3 years

nilf

0.89

0.45

P ≤ 0.0001

Participation – IADLs

 Wolinsky 1997 [17]

Mean increase in no. advanced ADL limitationsh

Median 2.3 years

nilf

0.44

0.26

P < 0.01

Health condition

 Boonen 2004 [19]

Mean RDRS-2 score (95 % CI):

1 year

age, residence

   

Dependenceb

3.1 (2.6–2.7)

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

<0.001

Cognitive impairment

0.9 (0.7–1.1)

0.3 (0.2–0.4)

<0.001

Accommodation

 Autier 2000 [18]

Institutionalisation

1 year

age, residence

20 %

4 %

 

 Cumming 1996 [20]

Institutionalisation

1 year

nil

27 %

5 %

<0.05d

Quality of life

 Boonen 2004 [19]

Mean (95 % CI) RDRS-2 score for QOL (inverted, higher indicates poorer QOL)

1 year

age, residence

38.9 (34.3–43.5)

31.5 (27.5–37.5)

<0.001

 Tosteson 2001 [23]

Mean QALY (95 % CI)

1–5 years

nil

0.63 (0.52, 0.74)

0.91 (0.88, 0.94)

<0.051a

  1. Abbreviations: ADL activities of daily living, Con control, HF hip fracture, mo months, NR not reported, QALY quality adjusted life years, QOL quality of life, RDRS-2 Rapid Disability Rating Scale version-2, SE standard error
  2. aDifference remained after adjustment for age and hormone replacement therapy use
  3. bFor hearing, sight, communication, staying in bed during the day, incontinence and medication
  4. cDifference remained after adjustment for age
  5. dHR significantly different to 1.0 (HR = 4.0, 95 % CI 1.7 – 9.5) after adjustment for age, sex, mental state score, use of proxy respondent, living alone, living with spouse, physical activity (time spent working and/ or walking), number of self-reported medical conditions and self-reported history of myocardial infarction or Parkinson’s disease
  6. eAfter controlling for differences in age, gender and baseline mobility/functional independence
  7. fControls represent those in the prospective cohort that did not experience hip fracture
  8. gIncludes four items from Duke: meal preparation, shopping, light and heavy housework
  9. hIncludes managing money, using telephone and eating
  10. iControl cohort reported is Iowa EPESE cohort; two other control cohorts also reported, with consistent findings
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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