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Table 2 Characteristics of simultaneous and subsequent interventions, comparison and control condition

From: Influence of combined physical and cognitive training on cognition: a systematic review

Study

Combined physical and cognitive training intervention

Comparison groups

Control group

Physical part

Cognitive part

Simultaneous Intervention (Dual Task)

Choi et al., 2015 [37]

30 min × 5 times per week for 4 weeks– Total intervention time: 600 min (10 h)

SPT

-

Physical therapy, balance-training

Memory, learning ability

Coelho et al., 2013 [38]

60 min × 3 times per week for 16 weeks with an increasing level of difficulty – Total intervention time: 2880 min (48 h)

-

NA-C

Training of aerobic capacity (65–75 % of max. heart rate for age), resistance- flexibility- and balance- and agility-training

Measured: Heart rate, blood pressure

Attention, executive function, psychomotor ability, verbal fluency

De Andrade et al., 2013 [39]

60 min × 3 times per week for 16 weeks with an increased level of difficulty – Total intervention time: 2880 min (48 h)

-

NA-C

Training of aerobic capacity (65–75 % of max. heart rate), strength- flexibility- and balance-training

Measured: Heart rate

Working memory and verbal fluency

Evans et al., 2009 [34]

7–14 min × 5 times per week for 5 weeks – Total intervention time: 175–360 min (3–6 h)

-

NA-C

Walking vividly for 2 min

Divided attention and meta-attention

Hars et al., 2013 [42]

60 min once a week for 25 weeks - Total intervention time: 1500 min (25 h)

-

NA-C

Multitask exercises (walking, handling objects, quick reactions) following music

Frontal-lobe cognitive function

Hiyamizu et al., 2012 [43]

60 min × 2 times per week for 12 weeks – Total intervention time: 1440 min (24 h)

SPT

-

Walking, strength- and balance-training

Working memory, visual scanning and verbal fluency

Kayama et al., 2014 [44]

75–80 min once a week for 12 weeks - Total intervention time: 900–960 min (15–16 h)

SPT

-

Training of aerobic capacity, strength, balance and flexibility

Arithmetical reasoning-ability

Marmeleira et al., 2009 [45]

60 min × 3 times per week for 12 weeks – Total intervention time: 2160 min (36 h)

-

NA-C

Training of aerobic capacity, walking

Visual attention, executive function, speed of information processing, psycho-motor performance

Plummer-D’Amato et al., 2012 [41]

45 min × 1 time per week for 4 weeks – Total intervention time: 180 min (3 h)

SPT

-

Gait, balance and agility training

Working memory, verbal learning, verbal fluency

Schwenk et al., 2010 [35]

120 min × 2 times per week for 12 weeks – Total intervention time: 2880 min (48 h)

-

A-C

Progressive resistance- and functional balance training

Working memory

Theill et al., 2013 [46]

30 min × 2 times per week for 10 weeks – Total intervention time: 600 min (10 h)

SCT

NA-C

Walking on treadmill

Measured: Heart rate

Working memory

Yokoyama et al., 2015 [47]

60 min × 3 times per week for 12 weeks – Total intervention time: 2160 min (36 h)

SPT

-

Training of aerobic capacity, resistance- and flexibility-training

Arithmetic or word tasks, switch walking direction

You et al., 2009 [40]

30 min × 5 times per week for 6 weeks (total of 18 sessions/participant) – Total intervention time: 540 min (9 h)

-

A-C

Walking a 30 m walkway

Verbal episodic memory, working memory

Subsequent Intervention

Barnes et al., 2013 [36]

60 min physical training + 60 min cognitive training – Total: 120 min × 3 times per week for 12 weeks – Total intervention time: 4320 min (72 h)

SCT

SPT

A-C

Training of aerobic capacity and strength, stretching, relaxation

Measured: Heart rate

Divided attention, working memory, visual and auditory perception

De Bruin et al., 2013 [48]

45 min physical training × 2 times per week for 12 weeks + 10 min cognitive training × 3–5 times per week for 10 weeks – Total intervention time: 1380–1578 min (23–26,3 h)

SPT

-

Training of aerobic capacity (e.g. stair climbing, etc.), strength and balance

Attention (alertness, selective, divided)

Fabre et al., 2002 [49]

60 min physical training × 2 times per week for 8 weeks + 90 min cognitive training × 1 time per week for 8 weeks – Total intervention time: 1680 min (28 h)

SCT

SPT

A-C

Training of aerobic capacity (e.g. jogging)

Measured: Heart rate

Attention, episodic and working memory, verbal learning, verbal fluency, visual/auditory perception

Legault et al., 2011 [50]

60 min physical training (at experimental facility) × 2 times per week plus 30 min at home × 1-2 times per week: 150–180 min per week for 16 weeks + 40–48 min cognitive training × 2 times per week for 8 weeks and afterwards 40–48 min once weekly for 8 weeks – Total intervention time: 3360–4032 min (56–67,2 h)

SCT

SPT

A-C

Training of aerobic capacity and flexibility, walking, cycling

Verbal learning, episodic memory

Oswald et al., 2006 [33]

45 min physical training + 90 min cognitive training once weekly for 30 weeks - Total intervention time: 4050 min (67,5 h)

SCT

SPT

PE

SPT + PE

NA-C

Flexibility- and balance-training, motor coordination (gymnastic exercises, dancing)

Attention, episodic memory, speed of information processing

Shatil, 2013 [51]

45 min physical training + 40 min cognitive training × 3 times per week for 16 weeks – Total intervention time: SPT = 2160 min (36 h), SCT = 1920 min (32 h)

SCT

SPT

A-C

Training of aerobic capacity, strength and flexibility

Measured: Heart rate

Attention, memory, perception, verbal learning, executive function, speed of information processing and motor coordination

Van het Reve et al., 2014 [52]

40 min physical training × 2 times per week + 10 min of cognitive training 3 × times per week for 12 weeks – Total interventin time: SPT = 960 min (16 h), SCT = 360 min (6 h)

SPT

-

Strength- and balance-training

Attention (alertness, selective, divided)

  1. A-C active control group, NA-C non-active control group, SCT single cognitive training, SPT single physical training, PE psycho-educational training, h hours, min minutes, - non-existent