Table 1 Description of studies’ characteristics

Choi et al., 2015 [37]

RCT

N = 21 Analysed n = 20 (12/8)

I-DT: n = 10 (64.8 ± 10.5 years.)

SPT: n = 10 (54.6 ± 11.8 years.)

S

Hospital

N.I.

Coelho et al., 2013 [38]

CT

N = 27 (N. I.)

I-DT: n = 14 (78.0 ± 7.3 years.)

NA-C: n = 13 (77.1 ± 7.4 years.)

AD

Community

I-DT: 5.8 ± 3.8 years.

NA-C: 3.7 ± 2.3 years.

De Andrade et al., 2013 [39]

CT

N = 30 (6/24)

I-DT: n = 14 (78.6 ± 7.1 year.)

NA-C: n = 16 (77.0 ± 6.3 years.)

AD

Community

I-DT: 5.1 ± 2.9 years.

NA-C: 3.9 ± 2.5 years.

Evans et al., 2009 [34]

RCT

N = 19 (17/2)

I-DT: n = 10 (44.4 ± 8.5 years.)

NA-C: n = 9 (45.1 ± 9.7 years.)

C

N.I.

N.I.

Hars et al., 2013 [42]

RCT

N = 134 (5/129)

I-DT: n = 66 (75.0 ± 8.0 year.)

NA-C: n = 68 (76.0 ± 6.0 year.)

H

Community

Total N:

Prim. School: 14.9 %

Middle school: 67.2 %

High school: 17.9 %

Hiyamizu et al., 2012 [43]

RCT

N = 43 Analysed N = 36 (10/26)

I-DT: n = 17 (72.0 ± 5.1 year.)

SPT: n = 19 (71.2 ± 4.4 years.)

H

Community

N.I.

Kayama et al., 2014 [44]

CT

N = 48 (N.I.) Analysed n = 41

I-DT: n = 26 (N.I.)

SPT: n = 15 (N.I.)

H

Community

N.I.

Marmeleira et al., 2009 [45]

RCT

N = 32 (25/7)

I-DT: n = 16 (68.2 ± 6.5 years.)

NA-C: n = 16 (68.4 ± 6.7 years.)

H

Community

I-DT: 4.8 ± 3.1 year.

NA-C: 5.1 ± 2.2 years.

Plummer-D’Amato et al., 2012 [41]

Pilot RCT

N = 17 (1/16)

I-DT: n = 10 (76.6 ± 5.6 years.)

SPT: n = 7 (76.7 ± 6.0 year.)

H

Local senior centre

I-DT: 12.6 ± 2.5 years.

STG: 12.9 ± 2.3 years.

Schwenk et al., 2010 [35]

RCT

N = 61 (22/39) Analysed N = 49

I-DT: n = 26 (80.4 ± 7.1 year.)

A-C: n = 35 (82.3 ± 7.9 years.)

D

Hospital

I-DT: median 11 year.

A-C: median 11 year.

Theill et al., 2013 [46]

CT

N = 63 (17/46^a) Analysed N = 51

I-DT: n = 18 (72.4 ± 4.2 years.)

SCT: n = 12 (73.3 ± 6.1 year.) NA-C: n = 21 (70.9 ± 4.8 years.)

H

Community and participant pool of the University of Zurich

I-DT: 13.8 ± 3.0 year.

SCT: 14.9 ± 4.9 years.

NA-C: 13.2 ± 2.9 years.

Yokoyama et al., 2015 [47]

RCT

N = 27 Analysed N = 25 (2/23)

I-DT: n = 12 (74.2 ± 4.3 years.)

SPT: n = 13 (74.2 ± 3.4 years.)

H

Community

I-DT: 11.9 ± 1.7 years.

STG: 12.0 ± 1.8 years.

You et al., 2009 [40]

RCT

N = 13 (2/11)

I-DT: n = 8 (70.5 ± 6.8 years.)

A-C: n = 5 (68.0 ± 3.3 years.)

H

Local community centres

N.I.

Barnes et al., 2013 [36]

RCT

N = 126 (47/79)

I-S: n = 32 (74.8 ± 6.1 year.)

SCT: n = 31 (73.8 ± 5.7 years.) SPT: n = 31 (71.1 ± 5.5 years.) A-C: n = 32 (73.9 ± 6.3 years.)

C

Community

I-S: 16.7 ± 2.2 years.

SCT: 16.8 ± 2.3 years.

SPT: 15.6 ± 2.8 years.

A-C: 16.3 ± 2.1 year.

De Bruin et al., 2013 [48]

RCT

N = 16 (5/11) Analysed N = 13 (5/8)

I-S: n = 6 (79.8 ± 6.8 years.)

SPT: n = 7 (75.0 ± 8.3 years.)

H

Assisted living facility

N.I.

Fabre et al., 2002 [49]

RCT

N = 32 (5/27)

I-S: n = 8 (64.9 ± 1.4 years.)

SCT: n = 8 (67.5 ± 1.2 years.) SPT: n = 8 (65.4 ± 2.2 years.) A-C: n = 8 (65.7 ± 1.5 years.)

H

Clubs

I-S: 12.1 ± 1.2 years.

SCT: 12.7 ± 1.2 years.

SPT: 11.2 ± 1.3 years.

A-C: 12.1 ± 1.4 years.

Legault et al., 2011 [50]

RCT

N = 73 (36/37)

I-S: n = 19 (76.9 ± 4.0 year.)

SCT: n = 18 (76.0 ± 5.2 years.) SPT: n = 18 (77.5 ± 4.8 years.) A-C = 18 (75.4 ± 4.8 years.)

H

Community

Higher than High School

I-S: 68 %

SCT: 78 %

SPT: 83 %

A-C: 72 %

Oswald et al., 2006 [33]

CT

N = 375 (132/243), Age: 75–93 (79.5 ± 3.5) Analysed N = 179^a at a five-year follow-up

I-S: n = 32, n = 17^a

SCT: n = 57, n = 29^a

SPT: n = 32, n = 15^a

SPT + PE: n = 36, n = 18^a

PE: n = 115, n = 47^a

NA-C: n = 103, n = 53^a

H

Community

Total N:

Prim. School: 41.1 %

Sec. school: 39.2 %

“Abitur”: 14.4 %

University: 5.3 %

Shatil, 2013 [51]

RCT

N = 122 (38/84)

I-S: n = 29 (79 ± 5.5 years.)

SCT: n = 33 (80 ± 5.4 years.) SPT: n = 31 (79 ± 5.8 years.) A-C: n = 29 (81 ± 5.3 years.)

H

Retirement village

Total N:

15.7 ± 2.43 years.

Van het Reve et al., 2014 [52]

RCT

N = 182 Analysed N = 156 (55/101)

I-S: n = 74 (81.1 ± 8.3 years.)

SPT: n = 82 (81.9 ± 6.3 years.)

H

Community and Local senior centre

Total N:

University/College:7.1 % Vocational Education: 59.6 %

No education: 26.3 %