Correlates of pain and specified NPS | |||||
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First author | N | Pain: prevalence | Neuropsychiatric symptoms: prevalence | Correlates of pain with NPS | Quality of study |
Ahn 201336 | 56577 | Not reported | Wandering 9Â % | AOR 0.77 (95Â % CI: 0.73-0.81) with wandering | 10 |
Subsample without psychotropic medication | |||||
AOR 0.72 (95Â % CI: 0.63-0.83) with wandering | |||||
(Adjusted for cognition, ADL, sociodemographics) | |||||
Kunik 200534 | 99 | Pain mean 2.4 (SD 1.2) | Delusions/hallucinations mean 0.35 (SD 0.48) | r = 0.15 (p > 0.05) with psychosis | 8.5 |
Leong 200735 | 225 | Pain 44Â %, chronic pain 34Â % | Anxiety 48Â % | SOR 1.8 (95Â % CI: 1.0-3.0) with anxiety | 8.5 |
Norton 201042 | 161 | Not reported | BEHAVE-AD mean 6..4 (SD 29.2) | r = 0.15 (p = 0.08) for pain intensity and emotional behaviour problems | 9 |
RMBPC-NH mean 1.45 (SD 0.64) | r = 0.05 (p = 0.58) for pain intensity and resistiveness to care | ||||
Torvik 201052 | 106 | Current pain in total group 55 %, in cognitive impaired group 52 % | Negative affect index (DQoL) mean 2.0 (SD 0.75), positive affect/humour index (DQoL) mean 3.4 (SD 0.9) | p < 0.01 for current pain and negative affect | 6.5 |
p = 0.11 for current pain and with positive affect/humour | |||||
Tosato 20123 | 2822 | Any pain 19 % (moderate/severe/excruciating pain 13 %) | Behavioural symptoms 37 % Psychiatric symptoms 21 % | AOR = 0.74 (95 % CI: 0.55-1.0) with wandering | 11.5 |
AOR = 1.4 (95 % CI: 1.08-1.8) with resistance to care | |||||
AOR 1.5 (95Â % CI: 1.07-2.03) with delusions | |||||
AOR 1.06 (95Â % CI: 0.80-1.41) with verbal abuse | |||||
AOR 1.08 (95Â % CI: 0.75-1.55) with physical abuse | |||||
(Adjusted for age, gender, country, cognitive impairment, number of diseases, ischemic heart disease, stroke, falls, communication problems, and a flare-up of a chronic or recurrent condition) | |||||
Volicer 200937 | 929 | Daily pain 29 %, less than daily pain 19 % | Verbally abusive not easily altered 2 %, physically abusive not easily altered 12 % | r = 0.07 (p = 0.03) for pain frequency and verbal abuse | 11 |
AOR = 0.9 (p = 0.53) with resisting care | |||||
AOR = 0.7 (p = 1.2) with verbal abuse | |||||
AOR = 0.7 (p = 0.16) with physical abuse | |||||
Delusions 8Â % | (Both multivariate models among others controlled for resisting care) | ||||
Hallucinations 9Â % | |||||
Zieber 200538 | 58 | Not reported | Not reported | r = 0.46 (p < 0.01) for DS-DAT scores and resisting care | 8 |
r = 0.42 (p < 0.01) for DS-DAT scores and aberrant vocalization | |||||
Pain rating by palliative care nurse consultants: | |||||
r = 0.51 (p < 0.01) with resisting care | |||||
r = 0.40 (p < 0.01) with aberrant vocalizations | |||||
Pain rating by facility nurse: | |||||
r = 0.48 (p < 0.01) with resisting care | |||||
r = 0.065 (p < 0.63) with aberrant vocalizations | |||||
Correlates of pain and unspecified NPS | |||||
First author | N | Pain: prevalence | Neuropsychiatric symptoms: prevalence | Correlates of pain with unspecified NPS | Quality of study |
Black 200639 | 123 | Pain 63Â % | Psychiatric disorders or behaviour problems 85Â %, behaviour problems 67Â % | SOR 1.9 (95Â % CI: 0.7-5.3) with psychiatric/behaviour problems | 6.5 |
SOR 1.2 (95Â % CI: 0.5-2.5) with behaviour problems | |||||
Brummel-Smith 200240 | 104 (excluding those unable to self-report pain) | Moderate-severe pain 60 % | ≥1 disruptive behaviours (wandering, verbal disruption, physical aggression, regressive behaviour, hallucinations) | SOR 1.8 (95 % CI: 0.8-4.0) with ≥ 1 disruptive behaviour | 7 |
No-mild pain 40Â % | |||||
50 subject unable to answer | |||||
70 % in dementia sample n = 154 | |||||
Cipher 20044 | 234 | Persistent pain 72 % | Dysfunctional behaviours mean 4.4 (SD 0.76) | r = 0.22 (p < 0.05) with dysfunctional behaviours | 7.5 |
Cipher 200641 | 277 | Acute pain 29 % | - | r = 0.18 (p < 0.05) with GLDS mean behavioural intensity | 7.5 |
Chronic pain 59Â % | |||||
Norton 201042 | 161 | Not reported | BEHAVE-AD mean 61.4 (SD 29.2) | r = 0.18 (p = 0.03) for pain intensity and disruptive behaviour problems | 9 |
RMBPC-NH mean 1.45 (SD 0.64) | r = 0.05 (p = 0.53) for pain intensity and global need driven behaviours | ||||
Tosato 20123 | 2822 | Any pain 19 % (moderate/severe/excruciating pain 13 %) | Behavioural symptoms 37 % | AOR = 1.4 (95 % CI: 1.04-1.8) with socially inappropriate behaviour | 11.5 |
Psychiatric symptoms 21Â % | (Adjusted for age, gender, country, cognitive impairment, number of diseases, ischemic heart disease, stroke, falls, communication problems, and a flare-up of a chronic or recurrent condition) | ||||
Williams 200539 | 331 | Pain 21 %, in nh 23 %, in rc/al 20 % (self-report for subgroup mmse > 10 was higher: 39 % and 25 %) | Behavioural symptoms 58 % | OR = 1.1 (95 % CI: 0.49-2.29) and AOR = 1.2 (95 % CI: 0.57-2.36) with behavioural symptoms | 10 |
(Adjusted for: sex, race, age, cognitive status, number of 10 comorbidities, impairments of 7 activities of daily living) |