Unadjusted model | Adjusted modela | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not frail versus | Not frail versus | ||||||
Non-frail | Pre-frail | Frail | Pre-frail | Frail | Pre-frail | Frail | |
n = 1139 | n = 659 | n = 45 | |||||
% | % | % | RRR (CI) | RRR (CI) | RRR (CI) | RRR (CI) | |
Age groups in years | |||||||
65-69 | 36.8 | 33.1 | 17.9 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
70-74 | 45.0 | 40.3 | 40.3 | 0.99 (0.77-1.29) | 1.85 (0.69-4.91) | 0.94 (0.72-1.22)b | 1.64 (0.64-4.18)b |
75-79 | 18.3 | 26.7 | 41.8 | 1.62 (1.15-2.29) | 4.72 (1.79-12.41) | 1.49 (1.04-2.13)b | 4.03 (1.63-9.98)b |
Sex | |||||||
men | 47.9 | 43.9 | 41.6 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
women | 52.1 | 56.1 | 58.4 | 1.17 (0.90-1.52) | 1.29 (0.61-2.76) | 1.08 (0.82-1.41)c | 1.05 (0.50-2.19)c |
Socioeconomic status (SES) | |||||||
low | 19.9 | 32.4 | 56.7 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
medium | 62.4 | 57.2 | 35.3 | 0.56 (0.41-0.78) | 0.20 (0.10-0.40) | 0.57 (0.41-0.79)d | 0.21 (0.10-0.42)d |
high | 17.7 | 10.4 | 8.0 | 0.36 (0.24-0.54) | 0.16 (0.04-0.66) | 0.38 (0.25-0.58)d | 0.19 (0.05-0.75)d |
Living alone | |||||||
no | 78.2 | 76.2 | 69.8 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
yes | 21.8 | 23.8 | 30.2 | 1.12 (0.84-1.49) | 1.55 (0.73-3.31) | 1.02 (0.76-1.37) | 1.31 (0.57-3.01) |
Poor social support | |||||||
no | 88.3 | 78.1 | 56.0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
yes | 11.7 | 21.9 | 44.0 | 2.12 (1.43-3.15) | 5.94 (2.75-12.83) | 1.99 (1.34-2.95) | 4.96 (2.21-11.12) |
Self-reported lack of help | |||||||
no | 97.6 | 91.6 | 76.1 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
yes | 2.4 | 8.4 | 23.9 | 3.67 (2.11-6.38) | 12.51 (4.97-31.45) | 3.50 (1.96-6.25) | 12.18 (4.73-31.35) |
Current depressive symptoms | |||||||
no | 97.2 | 90.7 | 73.5 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
yes | 2.8 | 9.3 | 26.5 | 3.55 (2.04-6.16) | 12.47 (5.09-30.56) | 3.64 (2.03-6.53) | 12.86 (4.47-37.03) |
Mean Digit Symbol Substitution Test | 46.0 | 41.4 | 32.6 | 0.98 (0.97-0.98) | 0.93 (0.90-0.95) | 0.98 (0.97-0.99)e | 0.94 (0.91-0.97)f |
Self-reported health (fair/ poor) | |||||||
no | 79.3 | 63.5 | 22.6 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
yes | 20.7 | 36.5 | 77.4 | 2.20 (1.67-2.92) | 13.16 (5.21-33.20) | 2.21 (1.66-2.94) | 13.30 (5.15-34.31) |
Chronic diseasesg | |||||||
mean | 1.9 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 1.24 (1.13-1.36) | 1.94 (1.57-2.40) | 1.23 (1.11-1.35) | 1.92 (1.56-2.35) |
3 or more diseases | |||||||
no | 73.2 | 60.0 | 39.7 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
yes | 26.9 | 40.0 | 60.3 | 1.82 (1.42-2.33) | 4.14 (1.91-8.97) | 1.76 (1.63-2.26) | 3.79 (1.72-8.31) |
Polypharmacy | |||||||
no | 58.5 | 48.3 | 14.2 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
yes | 41.5 | 51.7 | 85.8 | 1.51 (1.20-1.89) | 8.54 (3.35-21.77) | 1.47 (1.17-1.86) | 7.78 (2.92-20.72) |
Falls (≥2) in past 12 months | |||||||
no | 93.8 | 88.9 | 79.2 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
yes | 6.2 | 11.1 | 20.8 | 1.89 (1.16-3.08) | 3.97 (1.53-10.26) | 1.84 (1.15-2.96) | 4.31 (1.65-11.26) |
Poor hearing | |||||||
no | 94.4 | 93.6 | 74.9 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
yes | 5.6 | 6.4 | 25.1 | 1.15 (0.71-1.87) | 5.69 (2.27-14.23) | 1.14 (0.71-1.84) | 5.38 (2.17-13.35) |
Poor vision | |||||||
no | 97.7 | 91.4 | 88.7 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
yes | 2.3 | 5.6 | 11.3 | 2.50 (1.30-4.79) | 5.31 (1.53-18.42) | 2.24 (1.20-4.14) | 3.81 (1.09-13.34) |
Currently smoking | |||||||
no | 91.9 | 87.9 | 91.5 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
yes | 8.1 | 12.1 | 8.5 | 1.56 (1.02-2.38) | 1.06 (0.25-4.42) | 1.65 (1.08-2.50) | 1.32 (0.30-5.81) |
Current alcohol consumption | |||||||
no | 12.7 | 20.6 | 38.2 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
yes | 87.3 | 79.4 | 61.8 | 0.56 (0.41-0.77) | 0.24 (0.11-0.51) | 0.61 (0.44-0.85) | 0.30 (0.11-0.82) |