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Table 3 Prevalence and associations between participants’ characteristics and frailty status in unadjusted and adjusted multinomial regression models

From: Prevalence and correlates of frailty among older adults: findings from the German health interview and examination survey

 

Unadjusted model

Adjusted modela

 

Not frail versus

Not frail versus

 

Non-frail

Pre-frail

Frail

Pre-frail

Frail

Pre-frail

Frail

 

n = 1139

n = 659

n = 45

 
 

%

%

%

RRR (CI)

RRR (CI)

RRR (CI)

RRR (CI)

Age groups in years

 65-69

36.8

33.1

17.9

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 70-74

45.0

40.3

40.3

0.99 (0.77-1.29)

1.85 (0.69-4.91)

0.94 (0.72-1.22)b

1.64 (0.64-4.18)b

 75-79

18.3

26.7

41.8

1.62 (1.15-2.29)

4.72 (1.79-12.41)

1.49 (1.04-2.13)b

4.03 (1.63-9.98)b

Sex

 men

47.9

43.9

41.6

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 women

52.1

56.1

58.4

1.17 (0.90-1.52)

1.29 (0.61-2.76)

1.08 (0.82-1.41)c

1.05 (0.50-2.19)c

Socioeconomic status (SES)

 low

19.9

32.4

56.7

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 medium

62.4

57.2

35.3

0.56 (0.41-0.78)

0.20 (0.10-0.40)

0.57 (0.41-0.79)d

0.21 (0.10-0.42)d

 high

17.7

10.4

8.0

0.36 (0.24-0.54)

0.16 (0.04-0.66)

0.38 (0.25-0.58)d

0.19 (0.05-0.75)d

Living alone

 no

78.2

76.2

69.8

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 yes

21.8

23.8

30.2

1.12 (0.84-1.49)

1.55 (0.73-3.31)

1.02 (0.76-1.37)

1.31 (0.57-3.01)

Poor social support

 no

88.3

78.1

56.0

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 yes

11.7

21.9

44.0

2.12 (1.43-3.15)

5.94 (2.75-12.83)

1.99 (1.34-2.95)

4.96 (2.21-11.12)

Self-reported lack of help

 no

97.6

91.6

76.1

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 yes

2.4

8.4

23.9

3.67 (2.11-6.38)

12.51 (4.97-31.45)

3.50 (1.96-6.25)

12.18 (4.73-31.35)

Current depressive symptoms

 no

97.2

90.7

73.5

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 yes

2.8

9.3

26.5

3.55 (2.04-6.16)

12.47 (5.09-30.56)

3.64 (2.03-6.53)

12.86 (4.47-37.03)

Mean Digit Symbol Substitution Test

46.0

41.4

32.6

0.98 (0.97-0.98)

0.93 (0.90-0.95)

0.98 (0.97-0.99)e

0.94 (0.91-0.97)f

Self-reported health (fair/ poor)

 no

79.3

63.5

22.6

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 yes

20.7

36.5

77.4

2.20 (1.67-2.92)

13.16 (5.21-33.20)

2.21 (1.66-2.94)

13.30 (5.15-34.31)

Chronic diseasesg

 mean

1.9

2.3

3.3

1.24 (1.13-1.36)

1.94 (1.57-2.40)

1.23 (1.11-1.35)

1.92 (1.56-2.35)

3 or more diseases

 no

73.2

60.0

39.7

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 yes

26.9

40.0

60.3

1.82 (1.42-2.33)

4.14 (1.91-8.97)

1.76 (1.63-2.26)

3.79 (1.72-8.31)

Polypharmacy

 no

58.5

48.3

14.2

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 yes

41.5

51.7

85.8

1.51 (1.20-1.89)

8.54 (3.35-21.77)

1.47 (1.17-1.86)

7.78 (2.92-20.72)

Falls (≥2) in past 12 months

 no

93.8

88.9

79.2

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 yes

6.2

11.1

20.8

1.89 (1.16-3.08)

3.97 (1.53-10.26)

1.84 (1.15-2.96)

4.31 (1.65-11.26)

Poor hearing

 no

94.4

93.6

74.9

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 yes

5.6

6.4

25.1

1.15 (0.71-1.87)

5.69 (2.27-14.23)

1.14 (0.71-1.84)

5.38 (2.17-13.35)

Poor vision

 no

97.7

91.4

88.7

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 yes

2.3

5.6

11.3

2.50 (1.30-4.79)

5.31 (1.53-18.42)

2.24 (1.20-4.14)

3.81 (1.09-13.34)

Currently smoking

 no

91.9

87.9

91.5

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 yes

8.1

12.1

8.5

1.56 (1.02-2.38)

1.06 (0.25-4.42)

1.65 (1.08-2.50)

1.32 (0.30-5.81)

Current alcohol consumption

 no

12.7

20.6

38.2

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 yes

87.3

79.4

61.8

0.56 (0.41-0.77)

0.24 (0.11-0.51)

0.61 (0.44-0.85)

0.30 (0.11-0.82)

  1. Figures are weighted population estimates expressed in per cent unless otherwise indicated. Not all percentages add to 100 due to rounding error.
  2. RRR: relative risk ratio.
  3. CI: 95% confidence interval.
  4. Ref.: reference category.
  5. aMultinomial logistic regression models for each variable adjusted for age, sex and low socio economic status (SES) unless otherwise stated, badjusted for sex and SES only, cadjusted for age and SES only, dadjusted for age and sex only, ealternatively adjusted for age, sex, education (not SES) RRR = 0.98, CI: 0.97-0.99, falternatively adjusted for age, sex, education (not SES) RRR = 0.92, CI: 0.90-0.95, gTen conditions included coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, chronic renal disease, cancer, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis.