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Table 4 Mortality Hazard Rate Ratios for social relationships, adjusted for health and disability in men

From: The effect of social relationships on survival in elderly residents of a Southern European community: a cohort study

MEN (n = 601; deceased = 214)a

Network model

Psychosocial mechanisms model

Complete model

Age

1.08 (1.06–1.10)

1.08 (1.06–1.10)

1.07 (1.04–1.09)

Education:

   

   Primary completed

1

1

1

   Primary not completed

1.15 (0.84–1.57)

1.16 (0.85–1.58)

0.97 (0.70–1.34)

Family ties index:

   

   < 3

1

1

1

   3

0.68 (0.51–0.91)

0.77 (0.57–1.03)

0.75 (0.56–1.01)

Friends contacted:

   

   No

1

1

1

   Yes

0.99 (0.75–1.30)

1.10 (0.83–1.47)

1.16 (0.87–1.55)

Social participation index

0.83 (0.71–0.97)

0.84 (0.72–0.98)

0.89 (0.76–1.04)

Confidant:

   

   No/does not know

 

1

1

   Yes

 

0.70 (0.52–0.93)

0.77 (0.57–1.04)

Received emotional support

 

0.82 (0.59–1.13)

0.79 (0.57–1.10)

Role in significant others' lives

 

0.81 (0.65–1.03)

0.87 (0.69–1.10)

Physical activity:

   

   Moderate/vigorous

  

1

   Light

  

1.50 (1.06–2.13)

Co-morbidity

  

1.05 (0.97–1.14)

Square root of depressive symptoms

  

1.03 (0.92–1.15)

Cognitive score

  

1.25 (1.08–1.45)

Self-perceived health:

   

   Very good/good

  

1

   Average/poor/very poor

  

1.37 (0.98–1.92)

Disability:

   

   Independent

  

1

   Not independent for IADLs

  

1.22 (0.85–1.76)

   Not independent for ADLs

  

0.93 (0.59–1.47)

  1. aNon-weighted results. Bold: indicates results significant at a 95% level. ADLs: Activities of daily living. IADLs: Instrumental activities of daily living.