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Table 2 Distribution of potential risk factors for mortality in the total population and separately by sex

From: The effect of social relationships on survival in elderly residents of a Southern European community: a cohort study

 

Total n = 1328a

Men n = 574a (43.2%; 95% CI: 40.6–45.9)

Women n = 754a (56.8%; 95% CI: 54.1–59.4)

p value

Ageb

71.5 (71.0–72.0)

70.8 (69.9–71.4)

72.3 (71.6–73.1)

<0.001

Education

    

   Primary completed

21.2 (19.0–23.4)

30.7 (26.9–34.4)

14.0 (11.6–16.5)

<0.001

   Primary not completed

63.3 (60.7–65.8)

61.1 (57.2–65.1)

64.9 (61.6–68.4)

 

   Illiterate

15.5 (13.6–17.5)

8.2 (5.9–10.4)

21.1 (18.2–24.0)

 

Marital status

    

   Married

63.7 (61.1–66.3)

85.3 (82.4–88.2)

47.3 (43.7–50.8)

<0.001

   Single

3.6 (2.5–4.5)

1.4 (0.4–2.3)

5.2 (3.6–6.7)

 

   Widowed or separated

32.7 (30.2–35.3)

13.3 (10.5–16.0)

47.5 (44.0–51.1)

 

Living arrangements

    

   Alone

12.5 (10.7–14.3)

5.6 (3.7–7.5)

17.8 (15.0–20.5)

<0.001

   Only with spouse

42.7 (40.0–45.4)

56.4 (52.2–60.3)

32.4 (29.0–35.7)

 

   With children without spouse

20.5 (18.3–22.7)

8.2 (5.9–10.4)

29.8 (26.6–33.1)

 

   With spouse and children

20.3 (18.2–22.5)

27.9 (24.2–31.5)

14.6 (12.1–17.1)

 

   With others who are not the spouse or children

3.9 (2.9–5.0)

1.9 (0.8–3.0)

5.4 (3.8–7.1)

 

Family ties index (0–3) b

3 (3-3)

3 (3-3)

2 (2-2)

<0.001

Social participation index (0–3) c

1.7 (1.6–1.7)

1.8 (1.7–1.9)

1.6 (1.6–1.7)

<0.001

Contacts with friends

48.0 (45.3–50.7)

55.7 (51.7–59.8)

42.0 (38.5–45.6)

<0.001

Confidant

70.6 (68.2–73.1)

70.2 (66.5–74.0)

71.0 (67.7–74.2)

0.77

Average received emotional support (0–3,5) b

2.9 (2.9–2.9)

2.9 (2.9–3.0)

2.9 (2.8–3.0)

0.20

Average role in significant others' lives (0–3) b

2.2 (2.2-2.2)

2.3 (2.2–2.3)

2.2 (2.1–2.2)

0.01

Physical activity

    

   Light

24.3 (22.0–26.6)

16.6 (13.5–19.6)

30.2 (27.0–33.5)

<0.001

   Moderate

72.7 (70.3–75.1)

79.6 (76.3–82.9)

67.4 (64.0–70.7)

 

   Vigorous

3.0 (2.1–3.9)

3.8 (2.3–5.4)

2.4 (1.3–3.5)

 

Depressive symptoms (0–60) b

9 (8–9)

6 (6–7)

12 (11–13)

<0.001

Comorbidity (0–10) c

3.3 (3.2–3.4)

2.8 (2.7–2.9)

3.7 (3.6–3.8)

 

Prueba Cognitiva de Leganés (Cognitive Testing in Leganés) (0–32) b,d

26 (26-26)

26 (26-26)

26 (25–26)

0.03

Self-perceived health

    

   Very good/good

31.7 (29.2–34.2)

41.2 (37.3–45.3)

24.4 (21.3–27.5)

<0.001

   Average

50.1 (47.5–52.8)

47.0 (43.0–51.1)

52.5 (49.0–56.1)

 

   Poor/very poor

18.2 (16.1–20.2)

11.8 (9.2–14.5)

23.1 (20.1–26.1)

 

Disability

    

   Independent for ADLs and IADLs

48.1 (45.4–50.7)

58.5 (54.5–62.6)

40.1 (36.6–43.6)

<0.001

   Not independent for IADLs

30.8 (28.3–33.3)

28.6 (24.9–32.3)

32.5 (29.2–35.8)

 

   Not independent for ADLs

21.2 (19.0–23.4)

12.9 (10.2–15.6)

27.5 (24.3–30.6)

 
  1. aWeighted results. bMedian and its 95% confidence interval. cMean and its 95% confidence interval. dNot transformed data (a higher score means a better cognitive function). CI: Confidence interval. ADLs: Activities of Daily Living. IADLs: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.
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