Table 5 Studies identified with measures of brain structure or function and muscle structure or function but no associations given in paper or on request
Authors | Year | Country and dataset | n | Study design | Mean age (sd) | Male (%) | Brain structure or function | Muscle structure or function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Studies with brain structure and muscle structure (re: Table 2 ) | ||||||||
1. Chowdhury et al. [79] | 1994 | Sweden | 8 | Methodology paper | 35 (8) | 100 | Brain volume (CT) | Calculated skeletal muscle volume (CT) |
Studies with brain structure and muscle function (re: Table 3 ) | ||||||||
2. Liu-Ambrose et al. [80] | 2010 | Canada, Exercise RCT in Vancouver | 155 | RCT, prospective over 52Â weeks | 69.6 (2.9) | 0 | Whole brain volume (MRI) | Gait speed, quads strength and muscle power |
3. Nadkarni et al. [81] | 2012 | Canada, Sunnybrook Dementia Study | 20 controls | Cross-sectional substudy of longitudinal study | 75 (9) | 40 | Score on Age-Related White Matter Change Scale (MRI) | Self-selected speed on a treadmill |
4. Sullivan et al. [82] | 2005 | USA, California, Stanford | 51 | Case–control study | 45.2 (13.9) | 100 | Caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens and medial septal / diagonal band volumes and ICV (MRI) | Bilateral grip strength |
Studies with brain function and muscle structure (re: Table 4 ) | ||||||||
5. Guthrie et al. [83] | 2004 | Australia, The Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project | 1897 | 9Â year prospective, observational population based sample | Median 50 | 0 | Episodic verbal memory using a 10 word recall task (CERAD) | Body composition (DEXA) |
6. Ellis et al. [84] | 2009 | Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study of aging | 768 healthy controls | Longitudinal case control study (AD vs MCI vs normal) | 70.0 (7.0) | 43 | CVLT-II, Logical memory, RCFT, digit span, digit symbol coding, D-KEFS verbal fluency, BNT, clock, WTAR, Stroop. | Body composition (DEXA) in subgroup in Perth |
7. Dao et al. [85] | 2013 | Canada, Exercise RCT in Vancouver | 114 | Secondary analysis of RCT data | 69.4 (2.9) | 0 | Stroop test, MMSE | Sub-total lean mass (DEXA) |
8. Schwartz et al. [86] | 2013 | Canada, Saguenay Youth Study | 983 | Longitudinal cohort study | M 14.9 (1.8), F 15.1 (1.9) | 48.8 | Executive function and Memory | FFM (BIA) |
9. Bagger et al. [87] | 2004 | Denmark, PERF study | 5607 | Prospective, observational cohort study | 71.1 (6.6) | 0 | Short Blessed Test | TLM (DEXA) |
10. Abellan van Kan [88] | 2013 | France, EPIDOS study | 3025 | Prospective multi-centre cohort study | 80.51(3.9) | 0 | SPMSQ | Lean mass and ALM (DEXA) |
11. Nourhashemi et al. [89] | 2002 | France, EPIDOS study | 7105 | Cross-sectional study | 80.3 (3.65) (SPMSQ > =8) | 0 | SPSMQ for orientation, concentration and memory | FFM (DEXA) |
12. Nourhashemi et al. [90] | 2001 | France, EPIDOS study | 7364 | Prospective multicentre study | Broken down by ADLs; means 79.9-82.7 years | 0 | Pfeiffer’s test (aka SPMSQ) | Body composition (DEXA) |
13. Paolisso et al. [91] | 1997 | Italy, Naples | 30 (>50y), 30 (75-99y) 19 (>99y) | Observational study | 44.5(1.8), 78(0.7), 102(0.8) | 46.8 | MMSE | FFM (BIA) |
14. Malaguarnera et al. [92] | 2007 | Italy, Sicily | 66 | Placebo controlled, randomized, double-blind, 2-phase study | 101(1.3) treatment, 101(1.4) placebo | 31.8 | MMSE | Total muscle mass (BIA) |
15. Jacobsen et al. [93] | 2012 | Netherlands | 318 | RCT | Mean for each arm given range 73.4-74.0 | 0 | 15 words test and Trails B test | BIA and DEXA |
16. Genton et al. [94] | 2011 | Switzerland | 213 in 1999 and 112 in 2008 | Cross-sectional study with 9Â year f/u visit | 1999Â M 71.7(5.2) | 1999 49.3 | MMSE | FFM (BIA), ASMM (DEXA) and BCM (total body potassium) |
2008Â M 80.3(5.2) | 2008 49.1 | |||||||
1999Â F 73.2(5.5) | Â | |||||||
2008Â F 82.2(5.6) | ||||||||
17. Donaldson et al. [95] | 1996 | USA, Baltimore | 73 | Cross-sectional study | 68.8 (7.2) | 31.5 | MMSE | FFM (DEXA) |
18. Bove et al. [96] | 2013 | USA, Boston, Harvard | 12 | Cross-sectional study | 31.6 (6.4) | 0 | Multiple tests broken down to 5 cognitive domains | Cross sectional area of mid-thigh (CT) |
19. Papadakis et al. [97] | 1995 | USA, California, San Francisco | 104 | Cross-sectional study | 75.5(4.9) | 100 | MMSE, Trails B and DSST | Lean tissue mass (DEXA) |
20. Janssen [98] | 2006 | USA, Cardiovascular health study | Baseline 5036 | Longitudinal observational study (over 8 years) | 65-70 (42.7%), 71–76 (32.7%), 83–89 (18.2%), ≥90 (6.4%) | 43.6 | MMSE | Whole body muscle mass (BIA) and normalized for height to the skeletal muscle index (SMI, kg/m2) |
21. Masley et al. [99] | 2008 | USA, Florida | 56 | RCT | Controls 43.5 (11.2), Intervention 47.1 (9.4) | Control 39.3, Intervention 53.6 | CNS vital signs battery | FFM (BIA) |
22. Houston et al. [100] | 2012 | USA, Health, Aging, and Body Composition study | 2641 | Longitudinal cohort study | 74.7 (2.9) | 48.9 | MMSE | Lean mass (DEXA) |
23. Middleton et al. [101] | 2011 | USA, Health, Aging, and Body Composition study | 197 | Cross-sectional study from a 9Â year longitudinal cohort study | Separated into tertile of activity, means range from 73.9-75.8 | Not given | 3MS | FFM (DEXA) |
24. Koster et al. [102] | 2010 | USA, Health, Aging, and Body Composition study | 2949 | Cross-sectional study from a 9 year longitudinal cohort study | Age 70–79 at baseline | 48.5 | 3MS | Total bone-free lean mass, trunk lean mass, appendicular lean mass (DEXA) |
25. de Rekeneire et al. [103] | 2003 | USA, Health, Aging, and Body Composition study | 2926 | Baseline data from a 9Â year longitudinal cohort study | Diabetes mellitis (DM) 73.6 (2.9) and non-DM 73.6 (2.9) | DM 55.9 Non-DM 46.9 | MMSE and DSST | Lean mass and lean soft tissue mass (i.e. lean mass minus bone) (DEXA) |
26. de Rekeneire et al. [104] | 2003 | USA, Health, Aging, and Body Composition study | Fallers 652, non-fallers 2398 | Baseline data from a 9Â year longitudinal cohort study | Range 70-79 | Fallers 41.7, non-fallers 50.3 | Teng Mini-mental State Examination and DSST | Total muscle mass and skeletal muscle mass in the legs (DEXA) |
27. Watts et al. [105] | 2013 | USA, Kansas, Brain Aging Project | 74 healthy controls | Longitudinal case–control study (Alzheimer’s dementia vs. controls) | 74.0 (7.2) | 43 | MMSE | Lean mass (DEXA) |
28. Canon et al. [106] | 2011 | USA, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) | 867 | Cross-sectional longitudinal study | Range 60-85 | 44.8 | Digit-symbol coding test | Lean tissue mass (DEXA) |
29. Garry et al. [107] | 2007 | USA, New Mexico Aging Process Study | 809 rolling participants (average 302 seen per year) | Longitudinal Aging study (1979–2003) | 60+ Varied between years | 40 | 3MS (annual), WAIS R digit span, Fuld object memory evaluation, Color Trails 1 and 2, clock drawing (all less than annual) | Annual skeletal tissue mass (DEXA) |
30. Haren et al. [108] | 2008 | USA, St Louis, African-American Health Study | 124 | Population based longitudinal study | 56.1(4.4) | 100 | MMSE, TMT A&B | TLM and ASM (DEXA) |
31. Dvorak et al. [109] | 1998 | USA, Vermont | 30 | Case–control study | 73(7) | 43.3 | MMSE | ASM and FFM (DEXA) |