Study | Participants (n) sex, mean age (+/− SD) | Time frame of follow-up | Person administering test | Definition of falls | Method of administering the test | Method of recording falls | Number of individuals who fell |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Greene et al. 2012* | N = 349 | 2 years | Not recorded | Tinetti 1997 | Test completed once. Assistive device not permitted. | Self report with collateral information from relatives and medical records | N = 83 |
M = 103 | |||||||
F = 246 | |||||||
Mean age 71.5+/− 6.7 | |||||||
Herman et al. 2011 and 2010 | N = 265 | 3 years | Physiotherapist | Leveille 2009 and Mackensie 2006 | Test performed twice (mean score used). Assistive device not permitted | Self report falls diary monthly | N = 64 (1 year follow up) |
M = 111 | |||||||
F = 154 | N = 131 (2 year follow up) | ||||||
Mean age 76.4+/−4.3 | |||||||
N = 73 retrospective | |||||||
Russell et al. 2008* | N = 344 | 1 year | Physiotherapist, occupational therapist or medical doctor | Kellogg 1987 | As per original TUG. | Self report falls diary bi-monthly | N = 164 |
M = 106 | |||||||
F = 238 | |||||||
Mean age 75.9+/−8.5 | |||||||
Viccaro et al. 2011* | N = 457 | 1 year | Not recorded | Defined as unintentionally coming to rest on the ground or other surface. | As per original TUG. Average of 2 trials reported. | Interview at 3/12 visit | N = 174 |
F = 201 M = 256 | |||||||
Mean age =74 | |||||||
Killough et al. 2006* | N = 122 | 6 months | Unrecorded | Not defined | Administered test only once unless misunderstood and a second trial was used. | Interviewed every 3 months by telephone | N = not recorded |
M/F = unrecorded | |||||||
Mean age = unrecorded | |||||||
Thomas unpublished study* | N = 31 | 12 months | Physiotherapist | Kellogg 1987 | Shoe should have maximum heel height of 4 cm. TUG not described in any further detail. | Self report by monthly prepaid postcards and follow up phone call at 3, 6, 9/12. | N = 16 had 2 or more falls, 15 had 1 or no falls |
M = 6 | |||||||
F = 25 | |||||||
Mean age = 81.6 | |||||||
Aoyama et al. 2011* | N = 58 | 6 months | Physiotherapist | Tinetti 1988 | As per original TUG. Two test trials and mean score recorded. | Self report by falls diary, collected at 6 month | N = 25 |
F = 58 | |||||||
M = 0 | |||||||
Mean age 80.5+/−5.7 | |||||||
Sai et al. 2009* | N = 137 | 12 months | Trained clinical staff | Buchner 1993 | Time taken for subject to get up from chair (with arms crossed across chest) walk 10 ft, turn around and sit back down as quickly as possible. | Self report by falls diary. This was followed by monthly phone-calls. | N = 70 |
M = 48 | |||||||
F = 89 | |||||||
Mean age 76.7 +/− 6.1 | |||||||
Alexandre et al. 2012* | N = 63 | 12 months | Trained Physical therapists | Kellogg Working Group 1987 | As per original TUG seat height 42 cm, back 79 cm, arms 60 cm from ground. Participants used own foot wear and used assistive device if needed. | Interviewed every 3/12 by blinded evaluator and self report via log book collected every 3/12. | N = 21 |
Male = 30 | |||||||
Female = 33 | |||||||
Mean age Fallers = 66.68+/−5.57.Non fallers =66.36+/−4.60 | |||||||
Yamada et al. 2010 | N = 171 | 1 year | Trained staff members | Koski 1996 | As per original TUG, height 40 cm, 3 m at normal pace turn walk back to chair and sit down. 2 trials average time recorded | Monthly telephone calls using structured questionnaire. Self report by mail every month. | N = 59 |
F = 134 | |||||||
M = 37 | |||||||
Age 80.5+/ -5.6 | |||||||
Yamada et al. 2012 | N = 252. | 1 year | Trained researchers | Koski 1996 | Participants asked to stand up from a standard chair seat height 40 cm, walk a distance of 3 m at a maximum pace, turn walk back and sit down. Better performance of two attempts recorded. Walking aid permitted | Interview at end of follow up | N = 71 |
231 who completed study: | |||||||
Male = 54 | |||||||
Female = 177 | |||||||
Mean age = | |||||||
T1 = 73.9+/−6.6 | |||||||
T2 = 79.1+/−7.0 | |||||||
T3 = 82.0+/−6.9 | |||||||
Wrisley et al. 2010 | N = 35 | 6 months | Physical therapist | Defined as unintentional contact below pt’s height and classified as unexplained or unexplained. A fall was considered explained if there was medical environmental or task-related explanation for the fall that was unavoidable. An unexplainable fall was all other falls. | As per original TUG. Participants were allowed 1 practice trial and then preformed 3 timed trials. The average of 3 trials reported | Self report by daily falls calendar; return a separate postcard providing details of any falls with follow up phone call. | N = 17 (6 participants reported 7 unexplained falls) |
Mean age =72.9 +/−7.8 | |||||||
M = 17 | |||||||
F = 18 | |||||||
Pai et al. 2010 | N = 13 | 1 year | Not recorded | Defined as any event in which they landed unintentionally on a lower surface such as a chair, the floor or ground | As per original TUG, one practice trial given. | Contacted by telephone between 29–32 months into study | N = 4 |
M = 9 | |||||||
F = 4 | |||||||
Mean age =72+/−5 | |||||||
Okumiya et al. 1998 | N = 328 | 5 years prospective | Not recorded | Not defined | As per original TUG | Self-administered questionnaire | 68 |
M = 151 | |||||||
F = 177 | |||||||
Mean age =80.3 | |||||||
Lin et al. 2004 | N = 1200 | 1 year | Trained interviewer | Not defined | As per original TUG standard chair with seat height of 40-50 cm height | Self report by postcard when a fall occurred and telephoned every 3/12. | Not recorded |
M = 709 | |||||||
F = 491 | |||||||
Mean age = 73.4 | |||||||
Buatois et al. 2006 | N = 206 | 16 months | Not recorded | Tinetti 1988 | As per original TUG | Self report by falls calendar and questionnaire | N = 57 |
M = 116 | |||||||
F = 90 | |||||||
Mean age = 70+/−4 | |||||||
Buatois et al. 2010 | N = 1618 | Mean time 25+/−5 months (18–36 months) | Not recorded | Tinetti 1999 | As per original TUG | Self report by questionnaire at end of study. Mean follow up period 25 +/−5 months range 18-36months. | N = 333 |
M = 821 | |||||||
F = 797 | |||||||
Mean age 70 | |||||||
Bergland et al. 2003* | N = 307 | 1 year | Not recorded | Falls defined as an unintentional change in position resulting in the victim lying on the floor or on the ground. | The subject was instructed to rise from a chair, walk 3 m as quickly as possible, cross a line, turn, walk back, and sit down again. | Self report by daily calendar, to return calendar every 3/12 with follow up phone call if a fall occurred. Subjects who did not return the calendar were contacted | 155 |
Wearing ordinary shoes and used customary walking aids if needed. | |||||||
M = 0 | |||||||
F = 307 | |||||||
Mean age 80.8 | |||||||
Trueblood et al. 2001 | N = 198 | 6 months | Researcher | Anacker 1992 | As per TUG, armless chair, 3 timed trials average time recorded | Telephone survey 4 and 6 months using a formalised script. | N = 30 |
M = 38 | |||||||
F = 160 | |||||||
Mean age 78.1+/−8.2 | |||||||
Shimada et al. 2009 | N = 445 | 1 year | Day centre staff nursing allied health or similar qualifications | Nevitt 1989 Cumming 2008 | As per TUG, measured once at usual pace assistive device allowed | Self report questionnaire, with collateral if difficulty in recall | N = 99 |
F = 310 | |||||||
M =135 | |||||||
Mean age 80.5+/−7.2 | |||||||
Melzer et al. 2009* | N = 100 | 1 year prospective | Research assistant | Tinetti 1988 | Not described in detail but referenced as per AGS/BGS which in turn references Podsiadlo | Self report by daily calendar. Contacted by research assistant at one month intervals to monitor falls. | N = 49 |
Male = 26 | |||||||
Female = 72 | |||||||
Mean age 78.4+/−5.7 | |||||||
Beauchet et al. 2007 and 2008 | N = 187 | 1 year | Trained evaluator | Defined as unintentionally coming to rest on the ground, floor or lower level | Not described reference to Podsiadlo | Monthly phone call using a standardised questionnaire. Collateral obtained if cognitive impairment | N = 54 |
M = 29 | |||||||
F = 158 | |||||||
Mean Age = 84.8+/−5.2 | |||||||
Garber et al. 2010 | N = 904 | 6 months | Trained bilingual field interviewers | Not defined | Armless chair 3 m as quickly 2 trials –first practice second recorded time | Not recorded | Not recorded |
Male = 263 | |||||||
Female = 641 | |||||||
Mean age 76.6+/−0.5 |