Community-based intervention to improve dietary habits and promote physical activity among older adults: a cluster randomized trial

Table 3 Secondary outcomes in the intervention group and control group

Outcomes		Intervention			P	Control			P	Between-groups
Outcomes			mean ± SD		P		mean ± SD		P	P
TMIG Index of Competence	Pre		12.4 ± 1.1		0.083^a		11.9 ± 1.4		0.571^a	0.810^b
TMIG Index of Competence	Post		12.5 ± 0.8		0.083^a		12.0 ± 1.5		0.571^a	0.810^b
Self-maintenance	Pre		4.9 ± 0.2		0.146^a		4.9 ± 0.3		0.422^a
Self-maintenance	Post		5.0 ± 0.0		0.146^a		4.9 ± 0.2		0.422^a
Intellectual activity	Pre		3.7 ± 0.6		0.279^a		3.8 ± 0.5		0.763^a
Intellectual activity	Post		3.9 ± 0.4		0.279^a		3.8 ± 0.5		0.763^a
Social roles	Pre		3.8 ± 0.5		0.563^a		3.3 ± 1.1		0.864^a
	Post		3.7 ± 0.6				3.2 ± 1.3
		yes, n (%)			P	yes, n (%)			P
Appetite	Pre		55 (96.5)		1.000^c		32 (91.4)		0.625^c
	Post		56(100.0)				34 (97.1)
		Very good n (%)	Good n (%)	Not good n (%)	P	Very good n (%)	Good n (%)	Not good n (%)	P	P
Self-rated health	Pre	7 (12.3)	41 (71.9)	9 (15.8)	0.039^d	3 (8.6)	26 (74.3)	6 (17.1)	1.000^d	n.s.^e
	Post	12 (21.1)	40 (70.2)	5 (8.8)		3 (8.6)	26 (74.3)	6 (17.1)

TMIG Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, SD standard deviation.
^aPaired t-test for within-groups difference of continuous variables.
^bTwo-way Repeated-Measures ANOVA for the time-by-group interaction of continuous variables.
^cMcNemer’s test for within-groups difference of proportional variables.
^dWilcoxon signed-rank test for within-groups difference of categorical variables.
^eZ-test for between-group difference of improvement rate for categorical variables. P > 0.05; Z-score > 1.96.

ISSN: 1471-2318