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Table 2 Main outcomes in the intervention group and the control group

From: Community-based intervention to improve dietary habits and promote physical activity among older adults: a cluster randomized trial

Outcomes

 

Intervention

Control

Between-groups

Food frequency, n (%)

 

Almost every day

3-4 days/week

0-2 days/week

P

Almost every day

3-4 days/week

0-2 days/week

P

P

Meat

Pre

12 (21.1)

21 (36.8)

24 (42.1)

0.002a

9 (25.7)

13 (37.1)

13 (37.1)

1.000a

 

Post

23 (40.4)

21 (36.8)

13 (22.8)

7 (20.0)

17 (48.6)

11 (31.4)

Fish/Shellfish

Pre

23 (40.4)

23 (40.4)

11 (19.3)

0.020a

17 (48.6)

11 (31.4)

7 (20.0)

1.000a

 

Post

28 (49.1)

26 (45.6)

3 (5.3)

16 (45.7)

13 (37.1)

6 (17.1)

Eggs

Pre

19 (33.3)

13 (22.8)

25 (43.9)

0.010a

10 (28.6)

12 (34.3)

13 (37.1)

0.527a

 

Post

24 (42.1)

20 (35.1)

13 (22.8)

8 (22.9)

14 (40.0)

13 (37.1)

Milk

Pre

29 (50.9)

10 (17.5)

18 (31.6)

0.075a

20 (57.1)

6 (17.1)

9 (25.7)

1.000a

 

Post

35 (61.4)

8 (14.0)

14 (24.6)

19 (54.3)

8 (22.9)

8 (22.9)

Soybean products

Pre

30 (52.6)

17 (29.8)

10 (17.5)

0.278a

17 (48.6)

11 (31.4)

7 (20.0)

0.822a

 

Post

34 (59.6)

15 (26.3)

8 (14.0)

16 (45.7)

12 (34.3)

7 (20.0)

Green& Yellow vegetables

Pre

40 (70.2)

14 (24.6)

3(5.3)

0.491a

21 (60.0)

9 (25.7)

5 (14.3)

0.782a

 

Post

42(73.7)

13 (22.8)

2(3.5)

21 (60.0)

8 (22.9)

6(17.1)

Potatoes

Pre

9 (15.8)

20 (35.1)

28 (49.1)

0.019a

8 (22.9)

13 (37.1)

14 (40.0)

0.225a

 

Post

15 (26.3)

25 (43.9)

17 (29.8)

6 (17.1)

12 (34.3)

17 (48.6)

Fruits

Pre

42 (73.7)

9(15.8)

6(10.5)

0.029a

16 (45.7)

9 (25.7)

10 (28.6)

0.593a

 

Post

48 (84.2)

6:(10.5)

3 (5.3)

14 (40.0)

11 (31.4)

10 (28.6)

Seaweeds

Pre

15 (26.3)

23 (40.4)

19 (33.3)

0.001a

7 (20.0)

17 (48.6)

11 (31.4)

0.674a

 

Post

28 (49.1)

21 (36.8)

8 (14.0)

10 (28.6)

13 (37.1)

12 (34.3)

Fats & Oil

Pre

23 (40.4)

23 (40.4)

11 (19.3)

0.057a

13 (37.1)

12 (34.3)

10 (28.6)

0.858a

 
 

Post

33 (57.9)

16 (28.1)

8 (14.0)

 

10 (28.6)

17 (48.6)

8 (22.9)

  

Food Frequency Score(FFS) mean ± SD

Pre

 

21.5 ± 3.7

 

0.000b

 

21.1 ± 5.4

 

0.631b

0.002c

Post

23.9 ± 3.9

20.8 ± 4.3

Dietary variety Score(DVS) mean ± SD

Pre

 

4.2 ± 2.3

 

0.001b

 

3.9 ± 2.9

 

0.328b

0.004c

 

Post

 

5.4 ± 2.6

   

3.6 ± 2.2

   

Positive change in DVS 1–3 Score group, n (%)

  

11 (55.0)

   

3 (18.8)

  

0.041d

  

5-7 days

2-4 days

0-1 day

P

5-7 day

2-4 days

0-1 day

P

P

Walking, n (%)

Pre

35 (61.4)

7 (12.3)

15 (26.3)

0.664a

16 (45.7)

11 (31.4)

8 (22.9)

0.348a

n.s.e

Post

31 (54.4)

17 (29.8)

9 (15.8)

14 (40.0)

10 (28.6)

11 (31.4)

Exercise, n (%)

Pre

23 (40.4)

19 (33.3)

15 (26.3)

0.678a

17 (48.6)

6 (17.1)

12 (34.3)

1.000a

n.s.e

 

Post

20 (35.1)

28 (49.1)

9 (15.8)

 

14 (40.0)

12 (34.3)

9 (25.7)

  
  1. Wilcoxon signed-rank testa for within-groups difference of categorical variables.
  2. Student’s t-testb for between-group difference of continuous variables.
  3. Two-way Repeated-Measures ANOVAc for the time-by-group interaction of continuous variables.
  4. Fisher's exact test d for between-group difference proportional variables.
  5. Z-teste for between-group differences of improvement rate about categorical variables. P > 0.05; Z-score > 1.96.