Table 2 Setting and study characteristics physical functioning

Multidisciplinary care with an exercise component

Asplund 2000 [17]

Intervention (n=190)

Multidisciplinary team, with physical and occupational therapy. Discharge planning and early rehabilitation.

T0 Admission

BI ≥ 19 points

NA

T1 4.2

5.9^*

T1 11.6

Mean age 80.9 years

T1 Discharge

T0 52%

T2 11.1

T2 11.6

58% female, AGU, UH

T2 3 months post-discharge

T2 44%

Control (n=223)

General medical unit care

BI ≥ 19 points

T1 2.7

7.3^*

T1 19.3

Mean age 81.0 years

T0 44%

T2 7.6

T2 18.4

63% female, MU, UH

T2 43%

Counsell 2000 [19]

Intervention (n=767) †

Multidisciplinary team, with daily assessment of physical functioning and protocols to improve self-care and mobility. Early discharge planning.

T0 2 weeks pre-admission

ADL decline

PPME score

T1 2.7

6.1

T1 12.9

Mean age 80 years

T1 Discharge

T1 30%

T1 5.6^*

T2 9.0

T2 10.3

60% female, CH

T2 1 months post-discharge

T2 27%

T3 15.9

T3 8.9

T3 3 months post-discharge

T3 26%

T4 22.6

T4 7.5

T4 6 months post-discharge

T4 22%

T5 31.4

T5 6.7

T5 1 year post-discharge

T5 25%

Control (n=764) †

Usual physician and nursing staff care

ADL decline

PPME score

T1 3.7

6.3

T1 15.6

Mean age 79 years

T1 34%

T1 5.0^*

T2 11.3

T2 10.1

61% female, CH

T2 29%

T3 26%

T3 17.4

T3 7.2

T4 30%

T5 30%

T4 22.5

T4 8.0

T5 29.2

T5 7.3

Landefeld 1995 [24]

Intervention (n=327)

Multidisciplinary program, with daily assessment of physical functioning and protocols to improve self-care and mobility

T0 Admission

ADL score:

NA

T1 7.3

7.3

T1 5.8^*

Mean age 80.2 years

T1 Discharge

T0 3.0

T2 20.8

T2 13.1^*

68% female, MU, CH

T2 3 months post-discharge

T1 3.6^*

T2 4.0

IADL score:

T0 2.8

T1 3.3^*

T2 3.9

Control (n=324)

Usual care services provided by physicians and nurses

ADL score:

T1 7.4

8.3

T1 11.7^*

Mean age 80.1 years

T0 3.0

T2 19.8

T2 18.8^*

65% female, MU, CH

T2 3.8

IADL score:

T0 2.8

T2 3.8

Saltvedt 2002 [26, 27]

Intervention (n=127) †

Interdisciplinary program to prevent complications, with early mobilization, rehabilitation and discharge planning

T0 Admission

ADL dependence

NA

T1 11.8^*

15^*

NA

Mean age 81.8 years

T1 3 months post-discharge

T1 21%

T3 26.8^*

81% female, GU, UH

T2 6 months post-discharge

T2 13%

T3 1 year post-discharge

T3 25%

IADL dependence

T1 46%

T2 44%

T3 45%

Control (n=127) †

Usual care

ADL dependence

T1 27.6^*

7^*

Mean age 82.4 years

T1 12%

T2 33.9^*

84% female, MU, UH

T2 13%

T3 23%

IADL dependence

T1 39%

T2 40%

T3 44%

Slaets 1997 [29]

Intervention (n=140)

Multidisciplinary program added to the usual care. Geriatrician, physiotherapist and liaison nurse obtained optimal ADL and mobility in 2 hours training a day.

T0 Admission

Improved ADL

Improved mobility

NA

19.7^*

T2 18^*

Mean age 82.5 years

T1 Discharge

T1 61%^*

T1 48%^*

67% female , MU, CH

T2 1 year post-discharge

Control (n=97)

Usual care: services provided by physicians and nurses.

Improved ADL

Improved mobility

24.8^*

T2 27^*

Mean age 83.2 years

T1 46%^*

T1 44%^*

75% female, MU, CH

Usual care programs with an exercise intervention

Abinzanda 2011 [16]

Intervention (n=198)

Conventional treatment plus occupational therapy: 5 days per week, 30 - 45 min a day

T0 Admission

55.6% improved ≥ 10 BI points

NA

T1 7.6

9.1

NA

Mean age 83.7 years

T1 Discharge

56.6% female, AGU, UH

Control (n=202)

Conventional treatment: medical treatment, nursing care, physical therapy, and social assistance according with the usual practice of the unit.

36.7% improved ≥ 10 BI points

T1 11.9

8.7

Mean age 83.3 years

56.9% female, AGU, UH

Blanc-Bisson 2008 [18]

Intervention (n=38)

Usual care plus early intensive physical therapy program: start day 1-2, strength training twice a day half an hour, 5 days a week until T1

T0 Admission

Mean Katz index

NA

T1 5.3

T1 12.6

NA

Mean age 85.5 years

T1 Clinical stability

T0 6.7

T2 7.9

66% female, AGU, UH

T2 1 month after clinical stability

T1 5.3

T2 4.5

Control (n=38)

Usual care: transferred to arm-chair asap. Start day 3-6 walking 3 times a week with human help or without assistance. Physical therapy at home for 1 month

Mean Katz index

T1 5.3

T1 12.6

Mean age 85.4 years

T0 6.0

T1 5.3

79% female, AGU, UH

T1 4.7

T2 3.0

Courtney 2009 [20, 21]

Intervention (n=64) †

Individual exercise program and nursing visits, performed daily or several times a week. The intervention continued at home with home visits and regular telephone follow-up by a nurse.

T0 Admission

ADL: Mean score

WIQ distance^*

T1 1.6

4.6

NA

Mean age 78.1 years

T1 4 weeks post-discharge

index of ADL^*

T0 23.54

T2 3.1

62% female, MU, CH

T2 12 weeks post-discharge

T0 0.36

T1 53.62

T3 3.1

T3 24 weeks post-discharge

T1 0.07

T2 54.83

T2 0.18

T3 62.89

T3 0.16

WIQ speed^*

IADL: Mean IADL scale^*

T0 16.21

T0 2.16

T1 41.30

T1 1.47

T2 44.62

T2 1.27

T3 48.56

T3 1.13

WIQ stairs^*

T0 27.70

T1 46.73

T2 51.23

T3 57.20

Control (n=64) †

Routine care, discharge planning and rehabilitation advice. If necessary, in-home follow-up.

ADL: Mean score index of ADL^*

WIQ distance^*

T1 4.7

4.7

Mean age 79.4 years

T0 0.35

T0 20.22

T2 4.7

63% female, MU, CH

T1 0.69

T1 28.90

T3 4.7

T2 0.75

T2 21.59

T3 1.27

T3 19.93

IADL: Mean IADL scale^*

WIQ speed^*

T0 2.62

T0 14.43

T1 3.29

T1 22.09

T2 3.56

T2 17.89

T3 4.33

T3 16.58

WIQ stairs^*

T0 24.12

T1 26.06

T2 24.40

T3 22.18

De Morton 2007 [22]

Intervention (n=110) †

Usual care plus an individual exercise program. Twice daily, 5 days a week, for 20-30 minutes.

T0 Admission

Mean BI:

Mean TUG (s):

T1 1.8

5.0

T1 18.2

Mean age 78 years

T1 Discharge

T0 66

T0 35

54% female, MU, ACH

T1 79

T1 36

Mean FAC:

T0 4.0

T1 4.8

Control (n=126) †

Usual care: daily medical assessment, 24 hour nursing assistance, and allied health service on referral from medical, nursing or other allied health staff.

Mean BI:

Mean TUG (s):

T1 1.6

6.0

T1 20.6

Mean age 80 years

T0 68

T0 30

56% female, MU, ACH

T1 75

T1 26

Mean FAC:

T0 3.9

T1 4.7

Jones 2006 [23]

Intervention (n=80) †

Usual care plus an individual exercise program Twice daily for approximately 30 minutes.

T0 Admission T1 Discharge

Mean change mBI: 11 points

Mean change TUG: 5.4 sec^*

T1 5.0

9

T1 32.5

Mean age 81.9 years

54% female, MU, ACH

Control (n=80) †

Usual care: medical, nursing and allied health intervention and discharge planning consistent with the patient’s diagnosis and resources available on the acute general medical wards.

Mean change mBI: 9 points

Mean change TUG: 1.2 sec^*

T1 2.5

11

T1 51.3

Mean age 82.9 years

61% female, MU, ACH

Laver 2012 [14]

Intervention (n=22)

Individual interactive video game program (Wii Fit) 25 min/day, 5 days/week supervised by a physiotherapist

T0 Admission

IADL

TUG

T1 0

12.3

NA

Mean age 85.2 years

T1 Discharge

T0 181

T0 38

86% female GU, ACH

T1 205

T1 28

Control (n=22)

Conventional physiotherapy, matching the patients abilities and treatment needs 25 min/day, 5 days/week

IADL

TUG

T1 0

14.95

NA

Mean age 84.6 years

T0 141

T0 35

73% female GU, ACH

T1 190

T1 29

Nikolaus 1999 [25]

Intervention with follow-up (n=181) †

In-hospital and post-discharge follow-up treatment by an interdisciplinary team. Physical or occupational therapy twice a week up to twice a day for 30 min

T0 Admission

Mean BI score:

NA

T2 18.2

33.5^*

T1 4.4^*

Mean age 81.4 years

T1 Discharge

T0 71.0

T2 16.6

Female 73.4%, GU, UH

T2 1 year post-discharge

T1 91.8

T2 81.2

Mean LB score:

T1 5.7

T2 5.6^*

Intervention without follow-up (n=179) †

In-hospital treatment by an interdisciplinary team, followed by usual care at home

Mean score BI:

T2 16.8

40.7^*

T1 7.3^*

Mean age 81.4 years

T0 71.0

T2 18.4

Female 73.4%, GU, UH

T1 92.6

T2 82.3

Mean LB score:

T1 5.5

T2 4.1^*

Control (n=185) †

Usual care in hospital

Mean score BI:

T2 17.3

42.7^*

T1 8.1^*

Mean age 81.4 years

T0 71.0

T2 22.7

Female 73.4%, GU, UH

T1 91.1

T2 80.9

Mean LB score:

T1 5.5

T2 4.3

Siebens 2000 [28]

Intervention (n=149) †

Hospital-based exercise program twice a day. Encouragement to continue the program at home

T0 2 weeks pre-admission

Mean number of independent IADL

Independent walking

T1 6.7

12.0

NA

Mean age 78.2 years

T1 1 month post-discharge

T0 5.3

T0 59.7%

62% female, ACH

T1 5.1^*

T1 64.2%

Control (n=151) †

Usual care

Mean number of IADL independence

Independent walking

T1 6.6

10.5

Mean age 78.5 years

T0 5.3

T0 50.3%

59% female, ACH

T1 4.6^*

T1 65.5%